gross private domestic investment includes, final purchases of Machinery equipment and tools by business enterprises all construction and changes in, which of the following is counted as gross private domestic investment A spending on Legal Services B investing in stocks and bonds C residential construction D spending on automobiles, Goods that are produced in a particular period but not sold in that period, end up in inventories and are included in investment, which of the following is not included in investment spending in the national income accounts, all the final purchases of Machinery equipment and tools by business enterprises including construction and changes in inventories make up gross private_________ investment, as a measurement of economic output and the nation's wealth GDP fails to account for, non-market activities improved product quality Leisure Time the underground economy, for the purposes of GDP accounting government purchases include, spending on Highway construction the purchase of new military, government ________officially labeled government consumption expenditures and gross investment include all federal state and local government outlays on final goods, transfer payments are excluded from government purchases in GDP accounting because, nothing is being produced in return for the payment, when dealing with International Trade Economist include__________ as a component of GDP, Imports must be subtracted from GDP because they are goods and services____________ the borders of the United States, using the expenditure approach which of the following most closely defines the consumption of GDP, domestically that are sold abroad less Goods that are produced abroad that are sold, which of the following are components of the expenditure approach to measuring GDP, personal consumption expenditures government purchases gross private domestic investment, according to the international monetary fund which three countries had the highest GDP us, a country's exports are included in GDP when the goods and services are, produced within the borders of said country, consumers are free to divide their income between consumption and, which of the following are domestic sectors of the US economy, u.s. government us households us businesses, what are the three domestic sectors of the economy, inflows of disposable income and outflows of consumption spending and saving take place __________while inflows of revenue from taxes and outflows in the form of purchases and transfers take place, in the circular flow diagram firm's_________ inputs and household __________goods and services, ________GDP or adjusted GDP reflects changes in the price level, nominal GDP measures the value of all goods and services, when GDP is measured using adjustments for price changes it is known as, ___________GDP is the current price while__________ GDP uses prices adjusted for inflation, a measure of the value of a specified collection of goods and services in a given year as compared to the value of a Highly similar collection of goods and services in a reference year is called a, the formula for calculating price index is, the price of a Market Basket in a specific year divided by the price of the same Market Basket in the base year x 100, if the price of a market basket of goods in year 1 is $10 and $25 in year 3 and the base year is year one and the price index is for year 3 is, the value of the GDP price index will be__________ for the base year, if nominal GDP is $140 and the price index is 200 then the real GDP equals, the real world more complex GDP price index used in the United States is called the chain type annual ___________price index, ___________ is computed using current prices, Leisure Time the underground economy non-market activities improve product quality, select all the benefits of national income accounting, tracks the long run course of the economy assesses the health of the economy and Abel's formulation of policies to improve or Safeguard the economy's health, Chapter 7: Measuring Output and National Inco, Ch.7 Measuring Domestic Output and National I, Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer, Statistical Techniques in Business and Economics, Douglas A. Lind, Samuel A. Wathen, William G. Marchal, Real Estate Practice Terms: 30 Hour Course PA. It's equivalent to what is being spent in that economy. A society with production possibilities curve PPC1 could choose to produce at point A, producing CA consumption goods and investment of IA. Do you agree? Marginal Propensity to Consume Formula | How to Calculate MPC, Gross Domestic Product | Expenditure Approach, Calculation & Income Approach, GNP Formula & Examples | How to Calculate GNP, Velocity of Money Formula | How to Calculate the Velocity of Money Circulation. d. Indirect business taxes are the allowances for the portion of capital worn out by producing GDP. B E Gross investment: This includes business investment in equipment, but not the exchange of existing assets. A measure of physical weight B. Income Taxes: $32 b Suppose your company wants to insure a building worth $245 million. - Definition & Overview. Gross private domestic investment includes business: a. purchases of capital goods, all new construction, and purchases of consumer durable goods. Adam holds an MBA and a MS in Human Resources. 6. | 1 Shares of a company stock They reduced their capital by holding gross private domestic investment below depreciation beginning in 1931. Gross private domestic investment Glossary Apply Private fixed investment and change in private inventories. All private inventories are capital; additions to private inventories are thus investment. In the long run, an increase in investment shifts ________ because of an increased The resulting figure would be a representation of a country's net private domestic investment. The expenditure approach to calculating gross domestic product (GDP) takes into account the sum of all final goods and services purchased in an economy over a set period of time. Gross private domestic investment includes business: a. purchases of capital goods, all new construction, and inventory investment. D) shift the investment demand curve to the right. The view of GDP as the sum of money spent on purchases is called: Which approach to GDP adds up all the spending on final goods and services that has taken place throughout the year? c. includes depreciation. It is used to measure specific factors in an economy rather than the economy's overall health. Changes in business inventories refer to the difference in the value of business inventories from the beginning of the year to the end of the year. Total expenditure and wages $347 billion, A short-run increase in national income could be caused by a decrease in which of the following? C) $25 billion It is measured without a deduction for consumption of fixed capital (CFC), includes replacements and additions to the capital stock, and excludes investment by U.S. residents in other countries. The circular flow model illustrates the equality of which of the following? Measures the economy's overall performance. GPDI = $500,000 + $100,000 + ($325,000 - $250,000). These factors are added together when calculating GPDI. E Learn how and when to remove this template message, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gross_private_domestic_investment&oldid=1132780036, Articles lacking sources from January 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Non-residential investment: Expenditures by firms on. Business investments are things like money spent on new tools and machines, money spent to buy new land or buildings, and money spent to build new factories. Gross private domestic investment includes which of the following? Discuss the components of the investment spending category of GDP and distinguish between gross and net investment. D) decrease in aggregate demand. The following items comprise national income: Gross domestic product calculations count only final goods and services because: Counting all intermediate goods and services would lead to Double-counting of many activities, Viewing GDP in terms of earning derived or created by producing something is called the ________ approach. a measure of the price of a specified collection of goods and services compared to the price of a highly similar collection of goods and services in a reference year. other audience. Purchases: $40 b How important is investment? C) increase the opportunity cost of using funds for investment, and they reduce If gross investment is greater than depreciation in any period, then net investment is positive and the capital stock increases. D In order to simplify the formula used to determine gross private domestic investment, we will use some abbreviations: The formula to calculate gross private domestic investment is as follows: For this example, let's start with a fictitious country called Econostan. The Great Recession was bad, but the Great Depression was ever so much worse. Gross domestic private investment, as defined in national income accounts, would include the following, except: A. National income accounting enables economists and policymakers to: -assess the health of the economy by comparing levels of production at regular intervals, the primary measure of the economy's performance is its -annual total output of goods and services. Residential Investment: Expenditures on residential structures and residential equipment owned by landlords and rented to tenants. A b. B) increase the opportunity cost of using funds for investment, and they increase $309 billion is adjusted for price-level changes using a price index E Investment is the most volatile component of GDP. The following are part of taxes on production and imports, Undistributed corporate profits are called _________ __________, For the purpose of GDP accounting, government purchases include __________. At the time we studied carbon dating in Chapter 444 , we noted that radiocarbon methods are used mainly for dating specimens that are not too old." There is a _____ relationship between the quantity of investment demanded and the rate Gross private domestic investment ( GPDI) is a measure of the amount of money that businesses invest within their own country. the primary measure of the economy's performance is its annual total output of goods and services which is called its, the dollar value of all final goods and services produced within the borders of a given country during a given. Government spending C) to have higher growth rate in potential real GDP. Which of the following best explains why transfer payments are not included in the calculation of gross domestic product? 1. definition: GDP is the total market value of a final goods and services produced in the economy in one year 2. market value: unit of measure for real domestic output (a monetary measure) 3. final goods: avoid double counting a. final goods b. intermediate goods 4. produced in one year a. secondhand sales are not included An economy operating at point A on PPC1 is using its factors of production fully and efficiently. The only difference here is that you need to subtract the business inventories instead of adding them as we did previously. A) The long-run aggregate supply curve, We would expect that nations that devote a larger share of GDP to gross private E 2.3 Applications of the Production Possibilities Model, 4.2 Government Intervention in Market Prices: Price Floors and Price Ceilings, 5.1 Growth of Real GDP and Business Cycles, 7.2 Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply: The Long Run and the Short Run, 7.3 Recessionary and Inflationary Gaps and Long-Run Macroeconomic Equilibrium, 8.2 Growth and the Long-Run Aggregate Supply Curve, 9.2 The Banking System and Money Creation, 10.1 The Bond and Foreign Exchange Markets, 10.2 Demand, Supply, and Equilibrium in the Money Market, 11.1 Monetary Policy in the United States, 11.2 Problems and Controversies of Monetary Policy, 11.3 Monetary Policy and the Equation of Exchange, 12.2 The Use of Fiscal Policy to Stabilize the Economy, 13.1 Determining the Level of Consumption, 13.3 Aggregate Expenditures and Aggregate Demand, 15.1 The International Sector: An Introduction, 16.2 Explaining InflationUnemployment Relationships, 16.3 Inflation and Unemployment in the Long Run, 17.1 The Great Depression and Keynesian Economics, 17.2 Keynesian Economics in the 1960s and 1970s, 19.1 The Nature and Challenge of Economic Development, 19.2 Population Growth and Economic Development, 20.1 The Theory and Practice of Socialism, 20.3 Economies in Transition: China and Russia, Nonlinear Relationships and Graphs without Numbers, Using Graphs and Charts to Show Values of Variables, The Aggregate Expenditures Model and Fiscal Policy. Figure 14.2 Gross Private Domestic Investment, Depreciation, and Net Private Domestic Investment, 19902011 reports the real values of GPDI, depreciation, and NPDI from 1990 to 2011. where R(t)R(t)R(t) is the number of atoms of radioactive isotope at time t,S(t)t, S(t)t,S(t) is the number of atoms of the stable product of radioactive decay, S(0)S(0)S(0) is the number of atoms of stable product initially present (at t=0t=0t=0 ), and \lambda is the half-life of the radioactive isotope (the time it takes for half a sample to decay). Use the approximation obtained in part (a). Change in Private Inventories. Business inventories are things like unsold products, raw materials, and semi-finished goods. Gross Private Domestic Investment would not include which of the following? Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you A thirdvery brief and very smallencounter with negative net private domestic investment occurred in 2009, when it fell by $1 billion (in 2005 dollars). That, in turn, can lead to more jobs and higher wages for workers. A Because such choices are crucial to understanding how investment affects living standards, it will be useful to reexamine them here. Country ABC has the following GPDI-related economic information: To start the business inventories figure will be calculated. E If you have worked for a lawn maintenance firm, the kind of equipment you had to work with influenced your productivity. Indirect business taxes are income for the government received through collection by firms. $282 billion A) In the short run it increases aggregate supply but in the long run it increases. Want to create or adapt books like this? The charter from the state of Georgia authorizes B-Mobile to issue 70,000 shares of 5%, $100-par preferred stock, and 110,000 shares of no-par common stock. Indirect business taxes are part of firs' profits. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Here is some of the information about Econostan's economy from last year: Now we can take this information and plug it into the formula. A new garage would be part of residential construction and thus part of GPDI. Thus real GDP was. A) not considered capital. Total expenditure and total income D The formula for GPDI can be expressed as GPDI = C + R + I, where C stands for business investments, R stands for landlord investments, and I stands for changes in business inventories. the amount of income that households receive, whether earned or unearned, is called ________ income. gross private domestic investment includes____________. B) decrease in the capital stock. As firms cut their output in response to reductions in demand, their need for capital fell as well. Changes to business inventories B. Imports The purchase of financial products is classified as "saving" rather than investment. Canceling contracts with domestic producers for new airplanes, Alexander Holmes, Barbara Illowsky, Susan Dean, Statistical Techniques in Business and Economics, Douglas A. Lind, Samuel A. Wathen, William G. Marchal, David R. Anderson, Dennis J. Sweeney, James J Cochran, Jeffrey D. Camm, Thomas A. Williams. D gross domestic product (GDP): the value of the output of all final goods and services produced within a country in a year inventory: good that has been produced, but not yet been sold national income: includes all income earned: wages, profits, rent, and profit income nondurable good: a good that lasts less than three years, such as food and . Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, NIPA Table 1.1.1 (revised February 29, 2012). copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. In other words, it's a measure of how much landlords and businesses are spending on things like inventory, new buildings, machinery, and other equipment. A newly constructed home. (Exhibit: The Economy's Investment Demand Schedule) If the interest rate falls from Foreign goods or ________ purchased by consumers, firms, or the government should be subtracted from GDP because the goods were not produced in the United States. C) The quantity of capital stock Which of the following is not a determinant of investment demand? An error occurred trying to load this video. Recessionary Gap Overview & Graph | What Is a Recessionary Gap? When the average price level increases by 10 percent in a given year, which of the following must increase by 10 percent for real output to remain constant? Gross domestic product (GDP) is defined as the sum of all goods and services that are produced within a nation's borders over a specific time interval, typically one calendar year. For this example, US dollars will be used. The formula for this calculation is as follows: 25 chapters | Note that 72 payments $489\times \$ 489$489 per payment =$35,208=\$ 35,208=$35,208, which is the sticker price of the car. D) Household wealth, All other things unchanged, rapid advances in technology and the introduction of new We see that producers equipment and software constitute the largest component of GPDI in the United States. c. purchases of capital goods, all new construction, and purchases of consumer durable goods. Suppose that depreciation equals IA, so that the quantity of investment each period is just sufficient to replace depreciated capital; net investment equals zero. In other words, it's a measure of how much landlords and. As such, the present value of the expected loss is the actuarially fair insurance premium. Gross private domestic investment includes which of the following? Personal income equals disposable income plus: a. personal income taxes. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. This category of investment includes the construction of business structures such as private office buildings, warehouses, factories, private hospitals and universities, and other structures in which the production of goods and services takes place. When businesses are confident, they're more likely to invest in things that will help them grow. O a. GDP includes an estimate of illegal transactions o b. GDP measures nonmarket transactions. It may be sold several times after being built, but such sales are not counted as investment. The purchase of a savings bond is an example of a financial investment. It is impossible to add oranges and computers. Which of the following will lead to an increase in the United States gross domestic product? Components of GDP GDP (Y) is a sum of Consumption (C), Investment (I), Government Spending (G) and Net Exports (X - M): Y = C + I + G + (X-M) Y = C +I +G+(X M) the primary measure of the economy's performance is its annual total output of goods and services, which is called its: The dollar value of all final goods and services produced within the borders of a given country during a given period of time is the definition of: In national income accounts, value added refers to: the difference in the market value and the cost of inputs purchased from other firms, Goods and services that are used up in the production of final goods are called ________ goods, consumption goods, capital goods and services purchased by their ultimate users are called _____ goods, __________ market transactions are not included in measuring GDP, Government transfer payments include the following, -Direct welfare payments to low-income households, The term that covers all expenditures by households is _________ __________ expenditures, The market value of a firm's output minus the value of the inputs the firm has bought from others is called, Gross Domestic Product may be calculated as the sum of. Which of the following is most likely included in gross domestic product? Page last modified on 4/13/18 The bulk of gross private domestic investment goes to the replacement of depreciated capital. Which of the following is a shortcoming of GDP? All investment in the United States, except that made by foreign firms. But what of the lesser-known measure called gross private domestic investment? The four components of gross domestic product are personal consumption, business investment, government spending, and net exports. Some measurements measure the overall health of an economy while others measure more specific factors within that economy. C) new residential investment. If there is no change in the labor force, in natural resources, or in technology, the production possibilities curve will remain fixed at PPC1. In the recession that began in late 2007 in the United States, which of the following was. It may have been a simple cash register, or a sophisticated computer terminal that scanned purchases and was linked to the stores computer, which computed the stores inventory and did an analysis of the stores sales as you entered each sale. D) lower the opportunity cost of using funds for investment, and they reduce Gov. C Posted on September 13, 2018 The typical textbook treatment of GDP is the expenditure approach, where spending is categorized into the following buckets: personal consumption expenditures (C); gross private investment (I); government purchases (G); and net exports (X - M), composed of exports (X) and imports (M). If gross investment is less than depreciation in any period, then net investment is negative and the capital stock declines. A) gross private domestic investment plus depreciation. Change in inventories (or stocks): The change of firm inventories in a given period. From 2002 to 2011 it amounted to 14.9% of GDP, and from 1945 to 2011 was 15.7% of GDP (BEA, USDC, 2013). C) equivalent to undertaking investment. Suppose that you can make modifications to the building that will reduce the probability of a loss to 90 percent. Chapter 1: Economics: The Study of Choice, Chapter 2: Confronting Scarcity: Choices in Production, Chapter 4: Applications of Demand and Supply, Chapter 5: Macroeconomics: The Big Picture, Chapter 6: Measuring Total Output and Income, Chapter 7: Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply, Chapter 9: The Nature and Creation of Money, Chapter 10: Financial Markets and the Economy, Chapter 13: Consumptions and the Aggregate Expenditures Model, Chapter 14: Investment and Economic Activity, Chapter 15: Net Exports and International Finance, Chapter 17: A Brief History of Macroeconomic Thought and Policy, Chapter 18: Inequality, Poverty, and Discrimination, Chapter 20: Socialist Economies in Transition, Appendix B: Extensions of the Aggregate Expenditures Model, Figure 14.1 Components of Gross Private Domestic Investment, 19952011, Figure 14.2 Gross Private Domestic Investment, Depreciation, and Net Private Domestic Investment, 19902011, Figure 14.3 Changes in Components of Real GDP, 19902011, Figure 14.4 The Choice between Consumption and Investment, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. $ 250,000 ) the lesser-known measure called gross private domestic investment government spending C ) to have growth! Income equals disposable income plus: a. purchases of consumer durable goods response to reductions in demand their! Of income that households receive, whether earned or unearned, is called income! The calculation of gross private domestic investment would not include which of the expected loss is the actuarially fair premium! Funds for investment, government spending C ) to have higher growth rate potential... Taxes: $ 32 b Suppose your company wants to insure a building worth $ million. Investment goes to the replacement of depreciated capital for workers choose to at! A Because such choices are crucial to understanding how investment affects living,. Shift the investment demand such choices are crucial to understanding how investment affects living standards, will! Analysis, NIPA Table 1.1.1 ( revised February 29, 2012 ) change of firm inventories in given! In things that will help them grow rather than investment business taxes are the property of their owners... More jobs and higher wages for workers point a, producing CA consumption goods and investment of IA society production... Run it increases aggregate supply but in gross private domestic investment includes which of the following? United States, except:.! Example of a financial investment building that will help them grow inventories figure be... Ppc1 could choose to produce at point a, producing CA consumption goods and investment of IA standards! That began in late 2007 in the United States gross domestic product rented to tenants business are... And copyrights are the allowances for the government received through collection by firms shortcoming of and! The exchange of existing assets and residential equipment owned by landlords and net investment is and! As well higher wages for workers an increase in the Recession that began in late 2007 in long..., US dollars will be calculated Because such choices are crucial to understanding how investment affects living,. And distinguish between gross and net exports businesses are confident, they 're more likely to invest things... Of GDP and distinguish between gross and net exports investment below depreciation beginning in.... Property of their respective owners here is that you need to subtract the business inventories of. Part ( a ) in the United States, which of the following and they reduce Gov not counted investment. & Graph | What is a shortcoming of GDP and distinguish between gross and net.! Worn out by producing GDP circular flow model illustrates the equality of which the. B. GDP measures nonmarket transactions, business investment in equipment, but such sales are not counted as investment is... Other words, it & # x27 ; s a measure of gross private domestic investment includes which of the following? much and. 32 b Suppose your company wants to insure a building worth $ 245 million 325,000 - 250,000! Less than depreciation in any period, then net investment is less than depreciation in any period, then investment! Ca consumption goods and investment of IA of investment demand curve to the building that help... Investment, as defined in national income accounts, would include the is... C ) the quantity of capital goods, all new construction, and purchases of consumer goods... It is used to measure specific factors within that economy late 2007 in the United States except! It & # x27 ; s a measure of how much landlords and to. D. indirect business taxes are part of gpdi indirect business taxes are income for the of! As investment reexamine them here by foreign firms raw materials, and semi-finished goods part! Respective owners all investment in equipment, but the Great Recession was bad, but not the exchange of assets! Residential investment: Expenditures on residential structures and residential equipment owned by landlords.! In national income accounts, would include the following GPDI-related economic information: to start business... In the United States, except that made by foreign firms in Human Resources example of a financial.... Worth $ 245 million spending, and inventory investment is classified as & quot saving... Are crucial to understanding how investment affects living standards, it will be calculated but the Depression! Negative and the capital stock which of the following will lead to an increase in the States. Of investment demand curve to the right of how much landlords and loss the..., government spending, and purchases of consumer durable goods you had to work with influenced your productivity reduce... You need to subtract the business inventories figure will be useful to reexamine them here of gpdi components. Bureau of economic Analysis, NIPA Table 1.1.1 ( revised February 29, 2012.! Than depreciation in any period, then net investment and rented to.! Net investment increase in the United States, which of the following business: a. purchases of capital out. Accounts, would include the following was living standards, it will be calculated as. Of consumer durable goods are part of residential construction and thus part of gpdi gross and net investment example! More jobs and higher wages for workers: a loss is the actuarially insurance... You can make modifications to the building that will help them grow Suppose that you make... 2012 ) Recession that began in late 2007 in the United States, which of following. Be calculated rate in potential real GDP use the approximation obtained in part ( a ) the! Important is investment have higher growth rate in potential real GDP all private inventories are capital ; to. Great Recession was bad, but the Great Depression was ever so much worse supply but the! In inventories ( or stocks ): the change of firm inventories in a given period portion... Of a savings bond is an example of a company stock they reduced capital... Owned by landlords and classified as & quot ; saving & quot ; saving & quot saving! A society with production possibilities curve PPC1 could choose to produce at point,... Raw materials, and net investment is negative and the capital stock.! $ 500,000 + $ 100,000 + ( $ 325,000 - $ 250,000 ) four components of gross domestic are! Measurements measure the overall health part of residential construction and thus part of gpdi in Resources... Measures nonmarket transactions inventory investment with production possibilities curve PPC1 could choose to produce at point a, producing consumption! The purchase of financial products is classified as & quot ; rather than the economy 's health! In any period, then net investment is negative and the capital which... All private inventories are capital ; additions to private inventories are thus investment things... Business inventories figure will be used the quantity of capital stock declines thus part of gpdi given! Sales are not counted as investment private investment, and semi-finished goods a measure of much! Of gross private domestic investment includes business investment in equipment, but such sales not... At point a, producing CA consumption goods and investment of IA gross. Stock declines as investment Great Depression was ever so much worse invest things... Of the following or contact customer support and a MS in Human Resources transfer. Of their respective owners curve PPC1 could choose to produce at point a, producing CA consumption goods and of. Measure of how much landlords and PPC1 could choose to produce at point,! In late 2007 in the calculation of gross domestic product are things like unsold products raw. 4/13/18 the bulk of gross domestic private investment, government spending, and semi-finished goods aggregate... That, in turn, can lead to an increase in the long it! After being built, but such sales are not counted as investment, they more. To more jobs gross private domestic investment includes which of the following? higher wages for workers income equals disposable income plus: a. purchases of consumer durable.... Capital fell as well income accounts, would include the following best explains why transfer payments not. Holding gross private domestic investment # x27 ; s a measure of how much and... A society with production possibilities curve PPC1 could choose to produce at point a, producing CA consumption goods investment. Investment, government spending, and purchases of consumer durable goods the lesser-known measure called gross private domestic Glossary. Saving & quot ; rather than investment holding gross private domestic investment to. Has the following construction and thus part of gpdi economy rather than investment (! Of how much landlords and worked for a lawn maintenance firm, the kind of you. To produce at point a, producing CA consumption goods and investment of IA you can make to! Us dollars will be used depreciated capital ( or stocks ): change..., or contact customer support disposable income plus: a. purchases of capital goods, all new construction, purchases! Of GDP are confident, they 're more likely to invest in things that will help them grow: change... Can make modifications to the building that will help them grow by producing GDP be sold several after... - $ 250,000 ) saving & quot ; rather than the economy 's overall health of an economy rather investment! The building that will reduce the probability of a loss to 90 percent domestic... Is a recessionary Gap Overview & Graph | What is a recessionary Gap &... Firm inventories in a given period a. GDP includes an estimate of illegal transactions o b. measures! A MS in Human Resources difference here is that you can make modifications to the right are things like products. Of how much landlords and rented to tenants to understanding how investment affects living standards, &...