I am an archeologist (UCL) and award-winning lecturer and researcher and have worked in archeological projects in Armenia, Europe and the UK and travelled extensively on academic research including Syria, Jordan, USA and Japan. It focuses on the most clinically important diseases affecting humans and cites various examples of the different types of studies that have been performed. Subculture of a minority of tubes above the minimum fungicidal concentration yielded a few viable cells, suggesting random distribution, in some strains, of a few cells with propensity to grow in the presence of drug. Current treatments provide limited benefit. Within 5 days, yeast disseminate from the gastrointestinal tract, to establish sites of infection in the kidneys and liver. The rate of defervescence was similar for each regimen (P=0.75). Studies on combination therapy will prove useful to the clinician in evaluating courses of treatment, especially where clinical-trial data are not available or probable in the future. Consistent with the in vitro enhancement of effector cell function by IFN-gamma, in vivo therapy with IFN-gamma significantly (P<0.0001) improved survival of BALB/c mice with pulmonary blastomycosis. Outbred mice are immunosuppressed using weekly doses of 5-fluorouracil to induce neutropenia and damage the mucosal epithelial layer, and are also maintained on a broad-spectrum antibiotic regimen to reduce secondary bacterial infection. Controls showed progressive disease, whereas animals treated with either dose of either drug showed few clinical signs of infection. Authoritative consensus criteria to diagnose IFD have been useful in establishing eligibility criteria for antifungal trials. Cytokine production by HKY-stimulated cells from PBS-vaccinated mice was lower than those from HKY-vaccinated (P<0.05). An exposure-response relationship was suggested by pharmacokinetic analyses.Although the study predates extensive use of echinocandins and voriconazole, these findings demonstrate that posaconazole is an alternative to salvage therapy for patients with invasive aspergillosis who are refractory to or intolerant of previous antifungal therapy. Atkins, PLC, (U.K.). We hypothesize that the RCC became contaminated with these halophilic organisms from bicarbonate used to prepare dialysis fluid, and they persist despite cleaning and flushing procedures because of biofilm in machines and bicarbonate fluid inflow sites. Stevens, D. A., Kullberg, B. J., Brummer, E., Casadevall, A., Netea, M. G., Sugar, A. M. Cryptococcal meningitis in the immunocompromised host: intracranial hypertension and other complications. Beta-1,6-glucan declined 73%. When clusters appear, determination of genetic relatedness among strains and identification of a common source are important. Heat-killed Saccharomyces cerevisiae (HKY) used as a vaccine protects mice against systemic aspergillosis and coccidioidomycosis. Malassezia pachydermatis, a yeast that has not previously been implicated as a cause of human disease, was isolated from cultures of blood from three infants. The markers were then used to simultaneously map a multidrug-resistance locus and four other loci with high resolution (11 to 64 kilobases). These molecules are different from the conventional DNA-interacting drugs such as topoisomerase inhibitors, DNA alkylators or intercalators. View details for Web of Science ID 000248557000015. The laboratory has worked on development of panfungal conjugate vaccines, with special focus on Aspergillus and Coccidioides, including discovery of cross-reacting fungal proteins by mass spectroscopy and protein microarray, in collaboration with City of Hope, and using purified glycans supplied by an industrial partner. My role at the University of Birmingham includes - alongside teaching and research - helping other academics to engage with wider audiences, beyond the university campus. When serum was absorbed with HK B. dermatitidis or live B. dermatitidis, absorbed serum failed to significantly inhibit TNF-alpha production by RAW cells plus B. dermatitidis, and immunoblotting showed that absorbed serum was depleted of MBL-C. However, pioneering studies using Aspergillus particulate forms or homogenates, and recently, recombinant proteins, have demonstrated feasibility. Proof of a person's disability or proof of the service animal's health or training cannot be required. Both isolates declined in number in other organs. Mannan-BSA (500 kDa) was more protective than 40 kDa mannan-BSA. The quantification of organisms is a standard tool. Population Pharmacokinetics of Conventional and Intermittent Dosing of Liposomal Amphotericin B in Adults: a First Critical Step for Rational Design of Innovative Regimens. New possibilities in therapy produced plans for managing diverse clinical presentations. All drug regimens prolonged survival (P < or = 0.0008) and reduced cfu (P < or = 0.0001-0.003) recovered from the brains and kidneys compared with untreated. In vitro studies and some animal studies almost always indicate an absence of antagonism when caspofungin is combined with azole or polyene antifungal agents. Its emergence may relate to an ability to colonize the skin, proliferate in glucose-containing solutions, and adhere to plastic. If, in the second 20 h period, a fungus (heat-killed Blastomyces, HK-Bd) was introduced, a more complex pattern of cytokine (particularly TNF) and chemokine production ensued. A strain demonstrating paradoxical growth was grown in the presence and absence of caspofungin, and the cell wall content was analyzed. This trend has heightened awareness of the complications of cryptococcal meningitis; of these, intracranial hypertension is common, severe, and life-threatening, as exemplified by three cases in our institutions presented here in detail. As a demonstration of the utility of the model to test antifungal activity, daily treatment with 10 or 50 mg/kg itraconazole significantly reduced dissemination to the liver and kidneys and reduced tongue CFU compared to controls. [5], After promoting Reading Museum for over a decade, on the 20 August 1891 in Reading Town Hall, Stevens was presented his own marble bust which had been commissioned in his honour and paid for by public subscription. In sequence treatment experiments, initial treatment of BAM with GM-CSF protected against subsequent treatment with DEX. Based on a targeted minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.5 g/ml VRC, a dose of 20 mg per kg body weight for the multi-dose pharmacokinetic study was selected. Here we present the 3.7-Mb draft genome sequence of the type strain (S18214(T)) of H. stevensii, which will give insight into the pathogenic potential of H. stevensii. These effects were reproducible; medium dependent in extent; noted in macro- and microdilution, in the presence or absence of serum, and on agar containing drug (but not when drug concentrations were not constant, as in agar diffusion); not seen with other echinocandins and less commonly in other Candida species; and not due to destruction of drug in tubes showing the effect. View David Stevens's Family Tree and History, Ancestry and Genealogy, Professor of Public Engagement in Science, The Red Maids' School, Bristol, England, United Kingdom, University of Wales, Cardiff, Glamorgan, Wales, United Kingdom Available at: , School of Politics and International Relations. Most patients were treated successfully with a combination of antifungal therapy and surgery. View details for DOI 10.1080/13693780600810040 The current rate of breastfeeding sounds high (a 2010 survey showed that more than 80% babies were being breastfed at birth) but that rate drops off very quickly. Diagnosing infections remains a problem in the management of fungal diseases, particularly in the immunocompromised host. Get David Stevens Contact Info. Rises in creatinine were mild (clinical toxicity criteria 1) in all patients with elevations. We look to the archaeologist for the materials, to the artist for the method. Reproducibility was demonstrated by submission of subcultures of 4 isolates each, in triplicate, interspersed with unique numbers among a group of 30 isolates for blind testing. At equivalent doses of 50 mg/kg of body weight, RCZ and ITZ were equally effective and RCZ was more effective than FCZ (P = 0.02). The findings of the present study suggest that some S. cerevisiae strains may possess properties permitting persistence in the human host. Gastrointestinal and endocrinologic toxicity were dose related and increased at doses greater than 800 mg. I will move on to a. G-CSF and GM-CSF plus PMN resulted in 47% and 46% killing, respectively; GM-CSF plus monocytes or MDM resulted in 31% or 22% killing, respectively. At time points up to 120 h after infection, mice were euthanized and samples of blood, brain, spinal cord and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were taken. Isolates from Jews (51), Arabs (35) and Druze (25) were genotyped. Mouse serum and heat-inactivated mouse serum inhibited TNF-alpha production 94% when macrophages were stimulated by B. dermatitidis, whereas mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG) did not have this effect. Overall, animal models of fungal infection will continue to be valuable tools in addressing questions concerning fungal infections and contribute to our deeper understanding of how these infections occur, progress and can be controlled and eliminated. Clemons, K. V., Capilla, J., Stevens, D. A. Azole therapy of clinical and experimental coccidioidomycosis, Experimental systemic infection with Cryptococcus neoformas var. Monte Carlo simulations were performed. British Writer David Stevens was born on 17th July, 1940 in Tiberias, Palestine and passed away on 17th Jul 2018 Whangarei, New Zealand aged 78. Thus, this study identified inflammatory mediators associated with CNS vasculitis and meningitis due to C. immitis infection. Resistance of CD-1 mice to pulmonary blastomycosis correlates with enhanced fungicidal activity of BAM, PM, PMN, and IFN-gamma production by Con A stimulated spleen cells, compared to BALB/c mice. A patient developed Halomonas johnsoniae (previously reported only as dialysis unit environmental contaminants) bacteremia. [2] His body was moved to St Mary Borne where he was buried next to his wife Mary who had died in 1874. Roberts, who lives in Bristol with her archaeologist husband David Stevens and their two children, doesn't claim to be entirely virtuous herself. We have reported previously that prolonged caspofungin (CAS) dosing enhances survival in a murine model of central nervous system aspergillosis. Fungal burdens in brains and kidneys of untreated controls were determined on days 1, 3, and 5 to assess progressive infection; burdens in treated animals were determined on day 5. qPCR showed higher burdens than CFU enumeration in all comparisons. Bronchoalveolar macrophages (BAM) from CD-1 mice killed yeast cells of Blastomyces dermatitidis (Bd) by 25% and this increased to 59% when activated by IFN-gamma. View details for Web of Science ID 000226559700009. The largest therapeutic experience is with amphotericin B deoxycholate, which should be given at maximum tolerated doses (e.g., 1-1.5 mg/kg/d) and should be continued, despite modest increases in serum creatinine levels (BIII). Mathematics I and II for Environmental Scientists and Geophysicists. Endothelial cell activation (ICAM-1 and P-selectin in cerebral capillaries) occurred during infection. The addition of VCZ at 0.01 and 0.05 microg ml(-1) to human effector cells enhanced killing of Cn by 51% and 71% for the PMN, 41% and 58% for the mono, and 14% and 34% for the MDM, respectively. Murine BAM killed Aspergillus fumigatus conidia by 33 +/- 4% (mean +/- SD) in a 2.5-h assay, unaffected by GM-CSF treatment. Topical administration of rhMBL in a cream appeared more effective than rhMBL in a gel and both were inferior to commercial clotrimazole cream. BALFs were standardized in protein concentration. The central nervous system (CNS) is the most common site of dissemination during Aspergillus infection. of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Medical School: David A. Stevens, M.D. This cytokine profile does not suggest a polarized Th1 or Th2 response. Resistance to azole antifungals continues to be a significant problem in the common fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Perhaps the greatest contribution has been the development of well-tolerated oral drugs that make possible prolonged courses of a conveniently administered agent, and perhaps the most impressive advance has been the utility of the agents in coccidioidal meningitis, at least as an adjunct to the polyenes. Other studies have indicated that heat-killed Saccharomyces can protect against infection with at least three other fungal genera, raising the possibility of development of a panfungal vaccine, and such a vehicle has been studied in clinical trials, without dose-limiting toxicity. Coccidioides infections often result in chronic relapsing disease that presents a challenge to the currently available therapy. Brown, E. M., McTaggart, L. R., Zhang, S. X., Low, D. E., Stevens, D. A., Richardson, S. E. Vaccination with mannan protects mice against systemic aspergillosis. View details for DOI 10.1128/CMR.00062-10, View details for Web of Science ID 000289346500004. Further pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic preclinical and clinical studies are required to identify safe and effective intermittent regimens. Most Aspergillus culture isolates from nonsterile body sites do not represent disease. However, for high-risk patients, such as allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients (60%), persons with hematologic cancer (50%), and those with signs of neutropenia (60%) or malnutrition (30%), a positive culture result is associated with invasive disease. RFLP subtype VII-1 and C. parapsilosis sensu stricto appear to be nearly identical; C. orthopsilosis, which can be subtyped by MLST, can also be subtyped by RFLP. Virulence of isolates was associated with membership in group A (P = 0.03). Aspergillomas are fungal balls within lung cavities. 2nd year: Hydrodynamics. In an assessment of innate responses, we found spleen cells from young mice produced three-fold less IFN-gamma and three-fold less IL-2 than adult spleen cells in response to 1 microg/ml concanavalin A (Con A). Tell, L. A., Craigmill, A. L., Clemons, K. V., Sun, Y., Laizure, S. C., Clifford, A., Ina, J. H., Nugent-Deal, J. P., Woods, L., Stevens, D. A. Interaction between conidia, lung macrophages, immunosuppressants, proinflammatory cytokines and transcriptional regulation, The contribution of animal models of aspergillosis to understanding pathogenesis, therapy and virulence, Efficacy of caspofungin against central nervous system Aspergillus fumigatus infection in mice determined by TaqMan PCR and CFU methods. Inadvertent exposure to Coccidioides species by laboratory staff and others as a result of a mishap is not an uncommon cause of infection in clinical microbiology laboratories. Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Impacts of Pacific Ocean warming trends (ImPOse), Iodine sea-air emissions and atmospheric impacts in a changing world (I-SEA). View details for DOI 10.1097/MAJ.0b013e31825600de. Political Ideas in Practice: Problem-solving Political Theory. Thus, whereas BALF constituents commonly mediate antimicrobial activity, B. dermatitidis may utilize BALF constituents, such as SP-D, to blunt the host defensive reaction; this effect could reduce inflammation and tissue destruction but could also promote disease. View details for Web of Science ID 000186262900003, Among patients undergoing heart transplantation, Aspergillus is the opportunistic pathogen with the highest attributable mortality. With both the MTT and XTT assays, neutrophils alone inhibited hyphae; when combined with VCZ, there was additive activity. View details for DOI 10.1080/13693780500148350, View details for Web of Science ID 000235382600009. Infection is initiated by inhalation of conidia (C) or mycelial (M) fragments, which subsequently differentiate into yeast (Y). Is the Free Market Acceptable to Everyone? > present (Patron of the Association of Science and Discovery Centres), [????] A variety of tests has been applied to several body fluids. In contrast, four of seven controls showed mild to severe meningitis, with arteritis detected in three animals. The addition of caspofungin at 0.1 microg/ml and 0.05 microg/ml to the monocyte cultures increased antifungal activity. Combined action of micafungin, a new echinocandin, and human phagocytes for antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus, Comparative efficacies of four amphotericin B formulations - Fungizone, amphotec (Amphocil), AmBisome, and Abelcet - against systemic murine aspergillosis, Combination and sequential antifungal therapy for invasive aspergillosis: Review of published in vitro and in vivo interactions and 6281 clinical cases from 1966 to 2001. In a multiplex analysis, 192 genotypes were obtained and the combined discriminatory power of the four microsatellites was 0.99. In view of the changing treatment of pulmonary fungal infections, the American Thoracic Society convened a working group of experts in fungal infections to develop a concise clinical statement of current therapeutic options for those fungal infections of particular relevance to pulmonary and critical care practice. For 24 h after administration of all doses, mean concentrations in serum exceeded MICs for Coccidioides immitis (trough concentrations, greater than 1 microgram/ml). Kim, J., Tang, J. Y., Gong, R., Kim, J., Lee, J. J., Clemons, K. V., Chong, C. R., Chang, K. S., Fereshteh, M., Gardner, D., Reya, T., Liu, J. O., Epstein, E. H., Stevens, D. A., Beachy, P. A. Efficacy of voriconazole in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) experimentally infected with Aspergillus fumigatus. C. parapsilosis sensu stricto had significantly higher caspofungin (CAS) and anidulafungin MICs than C. orthopsilosis or C. metapsilosis; C. metapsilosis was least susceptible to fluconazole. AMB and ITZ prolonged survival (P, <0.0001 to <0.05) compared with controls. Moreover, differences between regulation of IL-1 and TNF production by BAM+conidia or LPS and peritoneal macrophages (PM)+conidia or LPS were documented. On day 6, this was repeated and the experiment was terminated. A model was used to compare the efficacies of itraconazole and fluconazole. Overall, petites were significantly less virulent than the parental strains. Both therapy dogs and visitation dogs require identification and certification of health and are excluded from certain areas of the facility, including intensive care units and isolation rooms. When VCZ was combined with monocytes or monocytes were treated with GM-CSF, inhibition was significantly increased, to similar levels. In 2 experiments with up to 70% mortality of neutropenic controls, transfusion of 10(7) PMNs 1 and 4 days after challenge had negligible effects on peripheral WBC counts but improved survival (P = 0.007, 0.02), decreased lung CFU (P = 0.03, 0.005), and cleared infection in 28 to 50% of survivors. We previously established a model of CNS aspergillosis by intracerebral infection and report here the results of treatment with the two therapies with the greatest clinical experience, i.e., treatments with amphotericin B (AMB) and itraconazole (ITZ). Isolates were recovered from multiple body sites of 23 patients (n = 180) from 1994 to 1995 and from 29 patients (n = 45) from 1997 to 2002; these plus 2 from the hospital kitchen were identified as S. cerevisiae. > [????] In The Dawn of Everything, anthropologist David Graeber and archaeologist David Wengrow challenge the assumption that bigger societies inevitably produce a range of inequalities. This concept has been applied to a wide range of businesses and projects, from small to large, all with outstanding success. It began in 1903, with the successful use of potassium iodide (KI). Should you have information that conflicts with anything shown please make us aware by email. View details for DOI 10.1128/AAC.49.4.1369-1376.2005, View details for Web of Science ID 000228082500018. She joined the Amarna Project in 2000, as In almost all patients, S. cerevisiae was first recovered after admission. Studies of comparative virulence, host response, and pathogenesis are also possible using this model. Fluconazole appears well tolerated and safe in these doses and durations. The immune events that take place in the central nervous system (CNS) during cryptococcal infection are incompletely understood. Six isolates failed to amplify MTLa1 and six failed to amplify MTLalpha1. or i.v. IL-2 production by BALB/c spleen cells in response to Con A was 3- to 4-fold greater than that by CD-1 spleen cells. The anthropologist David Graeber . In contrast to the findings with conidia, GM-CSF enhanced the production of IL-1 (5-fold) and TNF (1.5-fold) by LPS treated BAM. One week after the cessation of therapy, all survivors were euthanatized, the numbers of CFU remaining in the spinal cord and brain were determined, and histological analyses were performed. Therapy with intravenous ABLC or AmBi at 7.5 or 15 mg/kg of body weight or sterile 5% dextrose water (D5W) began 5 days later. Anna Stevens is Deputy Director of the Amarna Project. These results demonstrate the power of this typing tool in clarifying epidemiologic associations. Temporal studies of infection have demonstrated that qPCR and to some extent EIA reflect an increase in fungal burden not shown by CFU. We examined the global epidemiology of C. parapsilosis and assessed the discriminatory capabilities of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and RAPD typing methods. Pulmonary aspergillosis following bone marrow transplantation carries a mortality of 94%, irrespective of current treatment. The revision process started with a meeting of participants in 2003, to decide on the process and to draft the proposal. View details for Web of Science ID 000171998800004. Creatinine levels were similar in the two regimens: the A : B ratio of the area under the curve for creatinine (AUC(CREATININE)) for days 2-7 was 1.09 (P=0.27) and for days 2-14 was 1.05 (P=0.51). Because of difficulty identifying the organism, testing in the Biolog system identified them as a Halomonas species. Stevens, D. A., Schwartz, H. J., Lee, J. Y., Moskovitz, B. L., Jerome, D. C., Catanzaro, A., Bamberger, D. M., Weinmann, A. J., TUAZON, C. U., Judson, M. A., Platts-Mills, T. A., DeGraff, A. C., Grossman, J., Slavin, R. G., Reuman, P. Combined treatment: antifungal drugs with antibodies, cytokines or drugs. View details for DOI 10.1097/MD.0b013e3181aede29, View details for Web of Science ID 000268079000008. Was King David a real person? This approach is now being pursued in systematic clinical trials. Overall, posaconazole shows potential for treating CNS aspergillosis. Of 35 speciated isolates, 22 were H. stevensii, 10 H. johnsoniae, and 3 H. hamiltonii. A rabbit model of meningeal disease, established by intracisternal infection, has proven to model human meningitis well. Stevens, Nathan E. 2009 Archaeology is for the Living. Monocytes inhibited hyphal growth. After intravenous treatment of uninfected mice with 75 g of rhMBL, rhMBL was detected in the serum and peritoneal lavage fluid; rhMBL was detected in the serum of infected mice 2 and 24 hours post-dose, and at very low concentrations in vaginal lavage fluid. No survivors were cured in both kidneys and brain, but each formulation showed efficacy, especially in the kidneys. Mice treated with ITZ either once or twice per day had a median survival time of 10 days, compared with 4 days for control animals, but a survival rate of only 10%. McCusker, R. W. Davis, and D.A. The infants had been hospitalized for at least six weeks, had received broad-spectrum antibiotics, and had received parenteral lipid nutrition via a central venous catheter. View details for Web of Science ID 000220735200015. The recommendations are distilled in this summary, but the reader is encouraged to review the more extensive discussions in subsequent sections, which show the strength of the recommendations and the quality of the evidence, and the original publications cited in detail. MICA given at 1 mg/kg significantly prolonged survival over the saline controls (P = 0.008). Our data suggest that SP-D in BALF binds beta-glucan on B. dermatitidis, blocking BAM access to beta-glucan, thereby inhibiting TNF-alpha production. Indeed, archaeology is only really delightful when transfused into some form of art." Oscar Wilde. View details for Web of Science ID 000180334200005. 3rd year: Numerical Solution of Partial Differential Equations, Dynamical Oceanography, Dynamical Meteorology. He has written a book which deserves to be read., Dr Stuart Green She is especially interested in how material culture and urban space can shed light on the lives of the non-elite in ancient Egypt. Clinical and radiological findings, therapeutic interventions, and outcomes were analyzed. We studied toxicity, drug concentrations and localization, and quantitative infection concurrently, using a 4-day model of central nervous system (CNS) aspergillosis to assess early events. Choi, J., Kwon, E., Park, C., Choi, S., Lee, D., Yoo, J., Shin, W., Stevens, D. A. Subtype VII-1 was dominant worldwide (82.4% of isolates). In contrast, BAM and PM from BALB/c mice in co-culture with Bd secreted several-fold more TNFalpha than BAM or PM from CD-1 mice. RESULTS. New drugs for systemic fungal infections. Genotype distribution differed among localities (p<0.0001); Mexico was unique (p<0.05) due to the high proportion of non-VII-1. Particularly, questions of socioeconomic distribution, Rawlsian justice as fairness, equality of opportunity and education, environmental justice. of Washington). Hyphae produced in the presence of micafungin (0.01 microg/ml) and incubated again with micafungin for 24 h inhibited growth by 47%; combination with monocytes resulted in 62% inhibition. > present (Patron of Twycross Zoo) and 2018 > present (member of the BHF Council) and 1988 > 1988 (winner: of the BBC1 Blue Peter Young Artists competition). The elder Mazar was a Jew born in . The immunological basis for differences in resistance to pulmonary blastomycosis between young (3 to 4-week-old) and adult (7 to 8-week-old) CD-1 mice is unknown. Trivia. Twenty-seven percent experienced possible symptomatic side effects, which resulted in 2 patients discontinuing therapy, and 42% had asymptomatic laboratory abnormalities, none of which were progressive. The third metabolite was a 1-dehydro-hydroxyprogesterone, but the location of the hydroxyl group could not be determined unequivocally. Alice Roberts and David Stevens have been married for 22 years. Adjunct Professor: Western Sydney University (formerly UWS). Many abundant proteins from the cell wall of A. fumigatus present themselves as possible cross-protective vaccine candidates, due to the high degree of sequence homology to other medically relevant fungal proteins and low homologies to human or murine proteins. Res Publica: A journal of social and political philosophy. Overall, these data indicate that CAS is highly efficacious against systemic murine candidiasis and a paradoxical effect was not reproducibly demonstrated in vivo. In fungi, two-component histidine kinases have various functions including regulation of osmosensitivity, and of cell-wall assembly. Invasive fungal diseases are important causes of morbidity and mortality. Joseph Stevens (born 14 April 1818, died 7 April 1899) was a British archaeologist, former medical doctor, and antiquarian. The effect of human sera was further seen when using caspofungin that had lost activity (e.g., by storage) against A. fumigatus at 0.1 microg/ml. Finally, pure SP-D added to SP-D-/- BALF inhibited TNF-alpha production by BAM-B. View details for Web of Science ID 000072565800035. View details for Web of Science ID 000177271200020. A total of 3714 biallelic markers, spaced about every 3.5 kilobases, were identified by analyzing the patterns obtained when total genomic DNA from two different strains of yeast was hybridized to high-density oligonucleotide arrays. Overall, these studies indicate that a nonlethal model of oral and gastrointestinal mucosal candidiasis with dissemination can be established in mice. View David Stevens's Family Tree and History, Ancestry and Genealogy. [2] Outside of his medical career, Stevens was fascinated with history, geology, botany, and archaeology and wrote detailed finds on his collections. The dexamethasone (DEX) immunosuppressive effect on macrophage killing activity and cytokine production in response to Aspergillus fumigatus conidia is antagonized by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Our results suggest this estrogen insensitivity may have broad-ranging effects on processes other than gametogenesis, including vaginal susceptibility to candidiasis. Lethargy, ataxia, or paralysis preceded death. However, significantly enhanced activity was demonstrated only with AmBi and VCZ in combination. Steinbach, W. J., Stevens, D. A., Denning, D. W. Invasive aspergillosis in the setting of cardiac transplantation. Capilla, J., Clemons, K. V., Stevens, D. A. Efficacy of amphotericin B lipid complex in a rabbit model of coccidioidal meningitis. To C. immitis infection of Infectious diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Medical School: David Stevens... Increased, to decide on the process and to draft the proposal VCZ, there additive... Ability to colonize the skin, proliferate in glucose-containing solutions, and were. Medical doctor, and outcomes were analyzed were significantly less virulent than the parental strains CAS ) Dosing survival... 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