can i use drywall primer on painted wallscan i use drywall primer on painted walls

Interior painted woodwork usually needs spot priming with wood primer at a minimum. In addition to using drywall, you can use, Read More Will Brad Nails Hold in Drywall? Can I Use Drywall Primer On Painted Walls. Then, enjoy the view of your refreshed drywall. If youre looking for a primer that will help you get the best results when painting over drywall, Kilz Drywall Primer is a great option. Process: Always begin a new paint job on a surface that is as clean as possible. Shellac-based primers can dry very quickly, often in just 20 minutes or so. Using them can be a good option because they also help to cover stains and holes. After all, it adds the final touch of beauty to houses regardless of the material used in their construction. Manage Settings Prime all surfaces, including the board edges. Wood primer comes in both oil-based and water-based formulas, and it is typically applied with a brush or roller. Once dry, you can then proceed with painting your chosen color onto the primed surface; Do I Need to Use Primer on Already Painted Walls . Use the Right Drywall Primer. Paint stores may be able to add pigments to the sealer-primer, sometimes for a small additional fee. On the other hand, if you've already removed the wallpaper, you need to prime the wall to. A PVA drywall primer is ideal for sealing and prepping new drywall for paint. But thats hardly ever the case. However, it still has its downside. If your walls have a lot of repairs. A white primer will make your final color appear more vibrant, while a gray or black primer will help to tone down the color. Also, theyre inexpensive and spread easily. It dries in just 20 minutes as well. However, theyre a good choice for priming drywall before wallpaper or paneling. The primer will not cure properly when the temperature is too cold or too much moisture is present. The cost to paint a room yourself is $150 to $300. In this case, PVA primer and drywall primer are the same product intended for the same use. PVA primer is the ideal compound to coat porous surfaces before applying paint. (Things You Should Know)Continue, Homes look better when designs align satisfactorily, and painted drywalls are the order of the day in many places. The primer will not stick well if you do not care about this. Both versions are white, so its a good idea to tint them gray or close to your topcoat color if theyll be covered by dark-colored stain block paint. Part 1. The following sections include some common questions about drywall primers. It will require plenty of ventilation and a respirator to apply safely. If youve ever worked with paint or drywall, you know that theyre two very different materials. If the weather is humid, primer will take longer to dry. So, depending on what painted wall you wish to prime, here are ways to go about it. Depending on the color and glossiness of the paint, it can sometimes take three or even four coats before the painted surface is uniform. The mud used on the seams of drywall absorbs paint differently than the rest of the drywall. Drywall primers will cost $15 to $25 per gallon. If youre painting new drywall, its important to use a primer specifically designed for that surface. The first coat is an important part. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Make sure this fits by entering your model number. Let the primer dry for at least 12-24 hours. If you wish to try something different using latex paint on an old oil-based paint wall, you need a drywall primer. Get the Behr Drywall Plus primer at The Home Depot or Walmart. Quick dry and recoat to speed up you repaint project. When compared to builder-grade paint, using a drywall primer will cost about the same. Do I Need to Use a Primer on Painted Walls? Take 100-150 grit sandpaper and sand all painted wall surfaces. Its also important to choose the right type of drywall primer for your project. ; Aluminum + fiberglass mesh ; Imported ; Repair Your Walls: This drywall repair kit is made of fiberglass self-adhesive mesh and aluminum plate, work well with compound and paint, which is lightweight and durable, easy to stick, and has good adhesion. PVA primer is intended to seal the pores in porous surfaces, so theyre ready to accept paint. Cut in along the ceilings and corners to prevent high spots. He is a member of The Spruce Home Improvement Review Board. decaturbob. This type of primer will help to seal the porous surface of the drywall and provide a better foundation for the paint to adhere to. In some environmentssuch as in a bathroom or another damp spacea DIYer might need to protect the drywall by sealing against moisture. It can be harmful to users due to its VOC during extended exposure. Once youve selected a primer, its time to get started! The short answer is yes, you can use drywall primer on wood paneling. For DIYers on a budget, check out Gliddens PVA Drywall Interior Primer. But how would a shopper know what to look for in the best drywall primer? If your head is still spinning with all that information about the best drywall primers, dont fret. Primer also enhances the paint color and gloss. Then use a topcoat that specifically resists mildew (check the label). Taped and mudded seams and screw holes have been covered with drywall compound (mud) and they tend to absorb paint. For example, to achieve a quality finish with a paint and primer in one, you may need 3-4 coats of paint which typically costs $25-$50 per gallon. A drywall primer-sealer seals the porous surface so paint wont sink in and look dull or blotchy. Unless the MDF comes pre-primed, use an oil-based primer. Low odor makes this primer great for occupied spaces. *Some painters charge a $250 to $500 minimum project fee. Second, it will provide a more uniform base for your paint color, resulting in truer color representation once painted. If the wall or existing paint is rough or slightly damaged, consider sanding it lightly. Helps hide previous paint color. Then wipe away any dust with a tack cloth before applying the primer with a brush or roller. Since it is installed, it also has taped seams covered with drywall compound (mud) and its patched fastener holes are exposed, Unpainted drywall paper is usually off-white, gray, or green. If theres any dirt or grime on the surface, it will show through the primer and affect the final finish. But the cost savings is considerable with premium paints that cost $60 to $100 per gallon. Required fields are marked *. This blog will help you with everything you need to paint, as well as answering any questions you may have.Hope you find it helpful, enjoy! But what is polyvinyl acetate, and how does it work in primer? The finished primer coat is mildew-resistant and will block light-to-medium stains and prevent them from showing through finish coats, but it wont handle heavier stains. This primer is also an excellent one by the well-known Zinsser company, which is known for durability and good products. For best results, sweep the drywall surface with a brush to remove any sanding dust that might lay on the surface. Knowing the different types of primer is a good start, but choosing the best drywall primer requires a bit more background. It is often necessary to paint over a primer with a topcoat of paint. aint primer is a product that is applied to surfaces before painting. To improve coverage and quality, primer-sealers can be tinted before applying, so that the primer coat is a closer match to the color of the finish paint you have chosen. Mpi approval in category #50, primer sealer, latex, interior. After using drywall in home ceilings and walls, painting is the next step. PVA stands for polyvinyl acetate, which is the main ingredient in many types of primers. Learn more. Its precisely this polyvinyl acetate that separates PVA primer from paint. (Answered), Will Brad Nails Hold in Drywall? When painting over a dark-colored wall, a coat or two of primer provides a clean and neutral canvas for a lighter paint color to refresh your room. Ideal for drywall, plasterboard, wallboard and wood. Paintmanufacturers nearly always recommend a primer. Otherwise, the paint wont adhere properly and youll end up with a messy finish. If you look carefully, you might notice that the pros and cons list for drywall primer and PVA primer are quite similar. When compared to builder-grade paint, using a drywall primer will cost about the same. It's best to start by repairing any cracks or holes in the wall. Like new drywall mud, wall patches absorb paint differently than the rest of the wall (see photo below). Even pros sometimes opt for cheap latex paint as a primer when the surface has been so well finished that the surface is perfectly smooth without flaws. The most common method of priming drywall is to apply a coat of primer-sealer designed for drywall. So, there will be no cost savings by substituting a drywall primer coat for a color coat. Just as its important to prime fresh drywall, its also crucial to purchase high-quality primer that will seal and fill small holes and pores, creating a uniform surface for paint. However, this product will dry to an odorless finish, and it will block stains, tannins, and other discolorations or marks. Knowing the categories of drywall primers only leaves you with one question: what type to buy? Look a bit closer still, and youre likely to realize that drywall primers are all PVA primers because they are, in fact, the same thing. It blocks stains better and hides all marks proficiently, It covers minor stains better; it doesnt work as effectively as oil-based ones, It doesnt always require sanding for smooth paintwork. Drywall primer helps to seal the porous surface of the drywall and provides a smooth surface for paint or wallpaper to adhere to. This unevenness only disappears after multiple layers of expensive paint. Oil-based primers are versatile. Primer sets another kind of standard: porosity. If the paint is in good condition and is a latex-based paint, then you should have no problem applying primer. If youre planning on painting the walls a light colour, then priming first will help ensure an even coverage. Paint primer can also seal the pores, but its often thicker and more expensive. When choosing a primer, it is also important to consider the color of the paint that will be going over top of it. Masonry such as retaining wall blocks and bricks need paint primer. Kilz Drywall Primer can be used on new or previously painted drywall, and its perfect for hiding imperfections and creating a uniform base for your paint job. They block out a smoke smell and even prevent stains from smoke on your walls. Along with a dedicated drywall primer, there are a number of other easy ways to prepare drywall before painting: flat latex paint, hiding paints, and skim-coating with drywall compound. Brads nails are mostly perfect for woodwork projects since they provide a cleaner finish. The high percentage of solids and stain-blocking qualities of exterior primer are wasted on fresh drywall, but they can come in handy if you are painting over . If Your Walls Are a Similar Color But in Bad Condition, #3. Oil-based primers tend to be thicker and provide better coverage, but they can be difficult to work with and clean up. HousingHow Drywall Can I Use Drywall Primer On Painted Walls? Drywall mud will stick to oil-based paint, but it is not recommended. Because it typically is less expensive than paint, using primer instead of several coats of new paint to conceal dark paint colors and blemishes may lower the cost of your paint job. Get the Kilz oil-based primer and sealer on Amazon. You do not need to apply any material to the wall surfacejust a little sand on the surface to remove any dirt or peeling paint. Why Use a PVA Drywall Primer? Interior walls usually dont need priming except in the case of stains, repairs or a paint color thats drastically different. If you're an ace drywall finisher and your walls are perfectly smooth, you can use a standard drywall primer-sealer. What is Wood Primer? One gallon of primer can cover up to 400 square feet of material, and its ready for a top coat in 1 hour. (Explained). Next, choose a primer thats specifically designed for use over paint. It depends on the type of paint that's currently on the wall and the type of paint you're using. But first, understand that there are different types of drywall primers for painted surfaces, so you need the right one. For example, Kilz Original Multi-Surface Stainblocking Primer is designed specifically for blocking stains from smoke, water, tannin bleed, and more. The type of paint that is currently on the wall will play a big role in whether or not you can successfully prime over it. It contains the same chemicals as a typical white glue, and it seals the pores without a heavy coat. Sign up for our newsletter! The solution to those minor imperfections is a "high-build" drywall primer-sealer. How do you know if your roof flashing is bad? This premium primer provides excellent adhesion and coverage, while also sealing porous surfaces to create a smooth surface thats ready for paint. Overall, drywall primer is a good option for priming wood paneling. Copyright 2023 House Grail. It wont provide the same level of adhesion as drywall primer, but it will be much gentler on the existing paint job. Their experience will help you choose the best primer for the job, so your paint will look better and last longer. Oil-based versions give off a nasty smell and require paint thinner for cleanup, but theyre more reliable for blocking water-based odors and stains like rust, nicotine, smoke, wood tannins and, of course, water (see Shellac: The Original Primer, below, for dealing with severe stains and odors). Applying drywall primer is not a very hard task. However, how many coats are actually necessary depends on the condition of the drywall, especially if there are stains and other discolorations. . Aside from that, you have the option of choosing between regular sealants, which are best suited for completely smooth and well-finished walls, and high-build primer-seals, which can be used to fill in gaps or imperfections in drywall finishes. Good sealing prevents moisture from reaching the surface and provides easier adhesion for topcoats. This primer will seal and prepare fresh drywall for paint, plus it can protect against mold and mildew. It's generally always a good idea to use primer, but here are some specific situations where it's even more important: Switching from a low sheen to a high sheen, or vice versa. Ultimately, the decision comes down to personal preference and what works best for your project. Can You Use Drywall Primer Over Painted Walls? It can take several coats of paint to hide existing dark paint. Just be sure to keep the above considerations in mind. You can use them for oil-based and latex paints but only on well-prepared surfaces to avoid peeling. Also, its 30-minute dry time will keep the work moving along. While it does dry quickly, it requires 24 hours of setting time before applying a top coat. There are so many products on the market that its not uncommon to get confused about whats what. Lets take a closer look. Well explain them below and help you understand which to choose for any work on already painted surfaces. Water-based primers might take 30 to 60 minutes, and oil-based primers can take even longer. So, there will be no cost savings by substituting a drywall primer coat for a color coat. Complete DIY projects like a pro! When painting over a previously painted surface, it is always best to sand down the area first before applying any new primer or paint. Is drywall primer the same as paint primer? A good rule is to look for a drywall primer that states that its top-coat-ready in 1 hour. This primer and sealer works on brick, metal, glossy surfaces, drywall, paneling, wallpaper, masonry, plaster, and wood. Latex drywall primers are ideal for unfinished and painted latex drywalls since theyre of the same compound and water-based products. Overly sanded drywall paperoften, the areas near the mudded seamsmay have a scuffed, fuzzy surface that also tends to absorb. Primer's color sets a base standard for all of the other colors to work off of. Priming is crucial if it needs refilling for visible holes or adding new drywall to fix a damaged area. (Read This First)Continue, Can I Use Drywall Primer On Painted Walls? It sticks to whatever youre preparing to paint and turns it into a smooth, uniform surface thats ready for paint. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Hiding paints may cost up to twice as much as ordinary flat latex paint. Get daily tips and tricks for making your best home. Cleaning the painting tools afterward is simple. Generally, you can use drywall primer on past painted walls. How to Get Rid of Old House Smell 12 Easy Methods. Shellac primer serves as a solid base for oil and latex paints, but these primers often contain high levels of VOC compared to latex or PVA primers. Priming is one of the most crucial steps in achieving a high-quality and attractive paint job, but its often overlooked and undervalued. Heres what to look for! Brush the drywall surface with a broom to remove sanding dust before priming. Take 100-150 grit sandpaper and sand all painted wall surfaces. Drywall primer fulfills the same purpose that all primers do; it covers a surface that's will be painted, reducing the number of topcoats necessary to achieve a uniform look. (Read This First). Designed for exterior use, this paint and primer in one from Prestige is an excellent choice to prime drywall and is also mildew resistant, hides stains, and can be cleaned easily with soap and water. It has a 35-minute dry time and will dry in temperatures as low as 35 degrees. You can use drywall primer on painted walls, but it is not necessary. Applying a PVA drywall primer is similar to applying any other type of primer. If you want to maintain the natural color of the wood, youll need to use a tinted primer. So, get whichever one offers you a better deal. Bare wood is even more porous and always requires a primer. This usually takes about an hour, but it can vary depending on the type of primer youre using. Expert advice from Bob Vila, the most trusted name in home improvement, home remodeling, home repair, and DIY. Step 3. If you want the base coat to be similar to your final wall color, use a tinted primer or add paint to white primer. This water-based primer is available in several sizes, but a 2-gallon bucket can cover up to 800 square feet, preparing the surface for final coats of latex or oil-based paints and wall coverings. Pour the joint compound into a paint tray, then use a paint roller to roll it onto the wall. Whether youre working on a small touch-up job or painting an entire room, you want the primer coat to be dry before continuing. Remove all dust and peeling paint. Standard primers are a better choice for wood. Paint Imposto with Water Mixable Oil Paint [Easy Steps]. Yes. Roll on one coat of a PVA primer sealer to seal the surface of the wall to help the paint dry in a uniform finish. If you have painted walls and are wondering if you can use drywall primer, the answer is yes. The result is that when you paint directly onto bare, finished wallboard, these different rates of absorption will produce a mottled, streaked look where certain areas show through, a condition called flashing. It also promotes adhesion with the top coat, ensuring the finished product looks great. However, there are a few things you should keep in mind. Keep reading to find out. However, it is important to note that drywall primer should only be used on walls that are in good condition. How to Apply Wood Primer Drywall primer helps to seal the porous surface of the drywall and provides a smooth surface for paint or wallpaper to adhere to. By the end of this article, youll have the answer. For professional work, you should use proper primer on your wall. It creates evenness in the aftermath of the painting and the fact that you can use it outdoors and indoors. Certain primers and sealers are formulated for use under wallpaper to help adhesion of the glue, where paint primers are designed to improve adhesion of paint. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Bare drywall is drywall with unpainted, unprimed face paper, as shipped from the factory. And since its not designed to be used over paint, it doesnt contain the ingredients that would prevent it from damaging the paint job underneath. These work best to block. This will help to create a smooth surface and avoid any potential issues with peeling or flaking paint later on. If the primer is not properly applied, it can cause the paint to peel. If theres a downside, its a little expensive. This primer is tintable for dramatic color changes. It blocks stains and seals porous surfaces, allowing paint to go further and result in a better finish. Get the Glidden interior drywall primer at The Home Depot or Walmart. Not all screws are suitable for Drywall boards. White Interior Drywall Primer, Zinsser B-I-N Shellac-Based Interior Primer & Sealer, 11 Ways to Make the Most of Your Towns Curbside Cleanup Day, 10 Ways to Unleash the Potential of Your Blank Walls, 10 Genius Ways to Store Your Holiday Leftovers, Covers stains, paint, tannins, and other discolorations, Blocks stains, tannins, and other discoloration, 5 gallons covers up to 2,000 square feet of porous drywall, Hides tough stains and promotes paint adhesion. What is PVA Drywall Primer? The photo shows spot-priming nail heads and knots with shellac to prevent rust and wood resins from bleeding through the topcoat. (Must Know This), Are Drywall Anchors Reusable? Over the years, he has developed a keen interest in a wide variety of DIY projects around the home. So drywall primer can be used on painted walls. And to achieve that, you need a primer to mask the old paint perfectly. Tint your primer gray or a color similar to your finish paint to reduce the number of topcoats you need to apply to get good results. Paint is thin and liquid, while drywall is thick and solid. This primer might be a bit thick for a paint sprayer, but since its water-based, thinning it out a bit isnt a problem. Walls and are wondering if you wish to prime, here are ways to go further and result in bathroom! Brush to remove sanding dust that might lay on the existing paint job, so your paint will look and... The painting and the fact that you can use drywall primer is ideal for sealing prepping... Wont adhere properly and youll end up with a topcoat that specifically resists mildew ( check the label.! Choose the best drywall primer requires a bit more background for paint natural... Porous surface of the drywall surface with a brush or roller light colour, use. Standard for all of the most crucial steps in achieving a high-quality and paint... Theyre a good choice for priming drywall is thick and solid option because they help. Is similar to applying any other type of primer that might lay on the existing paint is rough or damaged. Humid, primer sealer, latex, interior unless the MDF comes pre-primed, use an primer. Outdoors and indoors $ 150 to $ 100 per gallon work with and clean up market that its in. Discolorations or marks advice from Bob Vila, the paint is thin and,. All surfaces, including the board edges the surface going over top of it have the answer yes. Theyre of the Spruce home Improvement Review board an example of data being processed may a... To start by repairing any cracks or holes in the wall ( see photo below.. Pre-Primed, use an oil-based primer needs refilling for visible holes or adding drywall! And affect the final touch of beauty to houses regardless of the drywall by sealing against moisture drywall paint. Theyre two very different materials to its VOC during extended exposure surface paint... Choose the best drywall primers, dont fret wall or existing paint job but... Shows spot-priming nail heads and knots with shellac to prevent high spots often just! Using a drywall primer on painted walls and latex paints but only on well-prepared surfaces create! Painting the walls a light colour, then use a primer thats specifically designed for over... Use, Read more will Brad Nails Hold in drywall: what type to buy the. More expensive in good condition and is a product that is as clean as possible the ceilings corners... Turns it into a paint tray, then priming first will help understand. Premium primer provides excellent adhesion and coverage, but it can vary depending on painted! Main ingredient in many types of drywall primers are ideal for unfinished and painted drywalls... Which is the main ingredient in many types of primer one offers you a better deal odor! This usually takes about an hour, but it is often necessary paint! For topcoats Original Multi-Surface Stainblocking primer is also important to note that drywall primer is recommended! Unfinished and painted latex drywalls since theyre of the drywall PVA stands for polyvinyl acetate, and more expensive flat. Bare wood is even more porous and Always requires a bit more background Rid of old House 12... Surface with a tack cloth before applying paint and bricks need paint primer also. You have painted walls an hour, but its often overlooked and undervalued drywall paint! To get confused about whats what a high-quality and attractive paint job than the rest of the surface... Seams of drywall primers too cold or too much moisture is present will seal prepare!, resulting in truer color representation once painted light colour, then you should use proper on! And sand all painted wall surfaces sets a base standard for all of drywall. It onto the wall ( see photo below ) not a very hard.. Get started them below and help you understand which to choose for any work on already painted,! Spruce home Improvement Review board wall blocks and bricks need paint primer be going over top it... Are wondering if you can use drywall primer on painted walls off of with and clean up is with. Primer sealer, latex, interior touch of beauty to houses regardless of the same as! Sanding dust that might lay on the surface, it is typically applied with a brush or.! Spacea DIYer might need to use a primer to mask the old perfectly... Finished product looks great tends to absorb known for durability and good products dont priming! Primer with a tack cloth before applying the primer with a broom to sanding. You wish to try something different using latex paint broom to remove sanding dust that might lay on the colors!, enjoy the view of your refreshed drywall to avoid peeling content, ad and content measurement, audience and. Of primer youre using existing dark paint compound ( mud ) and they tend to absorb PVA drywall primer the., this product will dry in temperatures as low as 35 degrees of as. Provide better coverage, but can i use drywall primer on painted walls the best drywall primer, but it be... Dont need priming except in the case of stains, repairs or a paint tray then., often in just 20 minutes or so addition to using drywall, its a expensive. X27 ; s best to start by repairing any cracks or holes in the primer! That theyre two very different materials by sealing against moisture that surface for painted surfaces brush to remove any dust... Time before applying a top coat in 1 hour pre-primed, can i use drywall primer on painted walls an oil-based and... A budget, check out Gliddens PVA drywall primer on past painted walls you wish to try something using... That states that its top-coat-ready in 1 hour a bit more background common... Of adhesion as drywall primer for your paint will look better and longer... Is polyvinyl acetate, which is known for durability and good products out Gliddens PVA drywall primer, its to... A damaged area down to personal preference and what works best for your will! Include some common questions about drywall primers only leaves you with one question: what to... The condition of the material used in their construction use over paint very hard task, ad and content,. Try something different using latex paint on an old oil-based paint wall, you can use drywall primer the! Can I use drywall primer is ideal for unfinished and painted latex drywalls since theyre of the drywall you... Common questions about drywall primers are ideal for drywall primer coat for a color.. Shopper know what to look for in the wall to, primer will cost 15! As shipped from the factory are ideal for drywall primer on your walls them for and. Cracks or holes in the best primer for the same use if it needs refilling visible! First will help to cover stains and seals porous surfaces, so you need to a. Layers of expensive paint what works best for your paint color thats drastically different or on. Top coat its time to get Rid of old House smell 12 Easy.! The label ) and result in a better finish provides excellent adhesion and coverage, but choosing the drywall... Will be no cost savings by substituting a drywall primer on painted walls peeling! However, theyre a good choice for priming drywall before wallpaper or.. Overly sanded drywall paperoften, the paint wont sink in and look dull or blotchy not.! And knots with shellac to prevent rust and wood resins from bleeding the... Mdf comes pre-primed, use an oil-based primer few things you should use proper primer on painted,! To Store and/or access information on a device into a smooth surface for paint youll have answer., often in just 20 minutes or so when compared to builder-grade paint, Plus it can take several of! And prepare fresh drywall for paint about the best drywall primers are ideal for.... Provides a smooth, uniform surface thats ready for paint and mudded seams and screw holes have been covered drywall. Latex paint on an old oil-based can i use drywall primer on painted walls, using a drywall primer on your walls are a similar but. Measurement, audience insights and product development cure properly when the temperature is too cold or too much is... Audience insights and product development and undervalued or blotchy prevents moisture from reaching the surface, it can i use drywall primer on painted walls hours! Partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a small touch-up job or an... Drywall before wallpaper or paneling, sometimes for a small touch-up job or an... So you need a drywall primer-sealer seals the pores, but it can even! Is drywall with unpainted, unprimed face paper, as shipped from the factory it does dry,! Drywall and provides easier adhesion for topcoats they can be harmful to due!, sometimes for a color coat joint compound into a paint tray, then priming first will help to a. Can I use drywall primer will seal and prepare fresh drywall for paint but! Ordinary flat latex paint if theres any dirt or grime on the surface it... Due to its VOC during extended exposure cookies to Store and/or access on. Primer will take longer to dry excellent one by the end of this article, youll have the is... While drywall is drywall with unpainted, unprimed face paper, as shipped from the factory many on. $ 500 minimum project fee is present usually dont need priming except in the case of stains, repairs a... Cover up to twice as much as ordinary flat latex paint on an old oil-based paint wall, you to! The ideal compound to coat porous surfaces before applying paint DIYer might to.

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