Advantages: fast slag discharge, small footprint, low pollution, stable slag particle performance, Disadvantages: steel slag grain size is large, uneven (>9.5mm up to 18%), poor activity, equipment is more complex, and the failure rate is high, equipment investment is large. Slags can penetrate the bricks only when the graphite is burnt away near the hot face owing to diffusion of oxygen in between flows during a campaign [1]. One particle of coal can form more than one bubble. used. Slags recycling in cement production, road buildup, or other applications (that involve soil contact) are subjected to important environmental requirements. Developed countries are now laying tremendous emphasis on: (a) reduction in energy consumption per ton of steel produced and (b) sustainable environmental management. Due to economic issues and shortage of natural gas, it has become important to consider different carbon sources, which are both energy effective and environmentally friendly [18]. Among these chemicals, NaOH arguably finds the widest use in industrial applications. It has good persistence towards sulfate and chloride assault and even less risk ofalkali-silica response with aggregates. It is possible to reduce steelmaking cost and get ecofriendly benefits, recycling ladle slag. Date:9/1/2022, Publication:Concrete International Sometimes when a food product is a little more than others it is because the ingredients that make it are the processed like, Procedure and Observations Through this process I am refined further to remove any other impurities because I must be at least 99% pure lead. UNITED KINGDOM, Elena Brandaleze, Edgardo Benavidez and Leandro Santini, Recovery and Utilization of Metallurgical Solid Waste. Recycling and Use of Waste Materials and By-Products in Highway Construction, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Synthesis of Highway Practice 199, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 1994. 48331-3439 USA The melting behavior was determined by hot-stage microscopy (HSM). (1,2) The free lime hydrates rapidly and can cause large volume changes over a relatively short period of time (weeks), while magnesia hydrates much more slowly and contributes to long-term expansion that may take years to develop. Sulfur content is similar in all samples. Disadvantages of Blast-Furnace Slag Cement Date:11/30/2022, Publication:Materials Journal The blast furnace ironmaking damages the environment very much. Virtually all steel is now made in integrated steel plants using a version of the basic oxygen process or in specialty steel plants (mini-mills) using an electric arc furnace process. The content of sulfates or sulfides is also controlled to avoid the SO2 emissions. Increasing the steel slag content improved the drying shrinkage resistance but was not conducive to the temperature shrinkage resistance. Automated page speed optimizations for fast site performance, Building 8, Yintian South Park, Yida Chuntian, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116000, China, Room 12-12 A4 Building YuZhou Square, Huannan Disruct, Shenyang City China. ASTM Special Technical Publication 774, American Society for Testing and Materials, Washington, DC, 1982. Phone: 1.248.848.3800 They are produced at high temperatures, and under fast-cooling rates, the structure obtained is amorphous. In Table 4, results of the chemical characteristics of carbonaceous materials are informed. Epub 2018 Mar 26. 2012 Jan;104:497-502. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.021. Qi G, Yue D, Fukushima M, Fukuchi S, Nie Y. Bioresour Technol. Steel has very small resistance against fire as compared to concrete. Further, this slag is grounded finely as that of cement and diverse in the amount as per the requirement. In the places vulnerable to attacks of chloride and sulfate such as sub-structure and marine structures. It is important to take into account that in order to enhance the performance of this industrial practice, it is necessary to understand deeply the associated fundamental phenomena. They made a pipe system for clean drinking water to supply. Steel slag has a small grain size for easy iron . The growth of the arc furnace-based steel industry has been encouraged by modern arc furnaces of large capacity and ultra-high power, electrical efficiency improvement, and metallurgical efficiency through oxygen lancing or the co-jet technology. Because the slag used in the present study contained several-tens ng g-1 to several g g-1 of toxic elements (B, Cu, Cr, and Zn), leaching tests for these elements from the prepared composts were carried out. Disadvantages of Structural Steel Structures. In this chapter, viscosity values of end-of-blow slags were estimated taking into account the Urbain model and applying the viscosity module for melts of FactSage 7.2 software [6]. The melting behavior was determined by hot-stage microscopy (HSM). Second Floor, Office #207 Slag viscosity and surface tension control the movement of bubbles in the liquid. It is not good for the environment and energy saving. Date:2/23/2023, Publication:Materials Journal While most of the furnace slag is recycled for use as an aggregate, excess steel slag from other operations (raker, ladle, clean out, or pit slag) is usually sent to landfills for disposal. Slag is of great relevance in metallurgy processes for steel quality; however, during long years, it was considered an important waste together with the accumulation of refractories after use. Different percentage of GGBFS is added for a different type of construction. This operation is called ladle refining because it is completed within the transfer ladle. To avoid volumetric instability of the cement material, MgO content is determined. Due to the white color of GGBFS, the cement color obtained is brighter colored when compared to conventional cement. Slag viscosity values obtained at 1600C through both the methods are detailed in Table 1. During slag foaming, when carbon is injected into the slags, gas bubbles are formed around the carbonaceous particles. Physicochemical properties of slag and molten metal directly affect the surface and interfacial properties in refining process of molten metal [2]. 2020 Mar 25;68(12):3722-3728. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00658. Disadvantages Of Electroslag Welding High heat generation: Heat generation in electro slag welding is very high. Two different diameters (DB) of bubbles were considered in the calculus: 0.015 m and 0.005 m. The results obtained are also detailed in Table 3. exhibit very low diffusivity to chloride ions and such Portland slag cement gives better resistance to corrosion of Steel reinforcement; Diffusion of chloride ions at 25C in cement pastes . Please enter search criteria and search again, Definition: granulated blast-furnace slag that has been finely ground and that is hydraulic cement.-. Because the ladle refining stage usually involves comparatively high flux additions, the properties of these synthetic slags are quite different from those of the furnace slag and are generally unsuitable for processing as steel slag aggregates. Dubai, UAE - Granulated blast-furnace slag (GBFS)The glassy granular material formed when molten blast-furnace slag is rapidly chilled, as by immersion in water. It is not good for the environment and energy saving. Are you have a purchasing plan contact us to get best plan. The solid and liquid phases predicted (at 1600C) by the Equilib module of the software are 92.25 g of a liquid phase L1 with a chemical composition: 4.70% MgO, 17.4% FeO, 6.47% MnO, 18.42% SiO2, 44.87% CaO, 2.16% Al2O3, 0.98% Fe2O3, 3.21% Ca3(PO4)2, 0.40% Mg3(PO4)2, and 1.12% Fe3(PO4)2 and two solid phases: 6.4g of MgO and 0.33g of Fe (bcc). During the steelmaking process, slags float on top of the molten iron, forming a . The tufa precipitates associated with steel slags are attributed to the leachate combining with atmospheric carbon dioxide. This potentially expansive nature (volume changes of up to 10 percent or more attributable to the hydration of calcium and magnesium oxides) could cause difficulties with products containing steel slag, and is one reason why steel slag aggregates are not suitable for use in Portland cement concrete or as compacted fill beneath concrete slabs. Founded in 1904 and headquartered in Farmington Hills, Michigan, USA, the American Concrete Institute is a leading authority and resource worldwide for the development, dissemination, and adoption of its consensus-based standards, technical resources, educational programs, and proven expertise for individuals and organizations involved in concrete design, construction, and materials, who share a commitment to pursuing the best use of concrete. In the case of water applied during granulated slag production, it is possible to recover heat from the slag quenching water, thereby reducing energy consumption. The degree of humification of HAs is an important factor in evaluating compost quality. - Blast-furnace slagThe nonmetallic product, consisting essentially of silicates and aluminosilicates of calcium and of other bases, that is developed in a molten condition simultaneously with iron in a blast furnace. Process characteristics and process: use the sensible heat of high temperature liquid slag to sprinkle water to produce physical and mechanical effects and the hydrolysis of free calcium oxide to fragment the slag, Advantages: simple process, suitable for processing high basicity steel slag, steel slag has high activity, good stability, and can handle solid slag, Disadvantages: uneven particle size, subsequent crushing, large processing volume, long processing cycle, Process characteristics and process: When the slag is higher than the quenchable temperature, spray with limited water to the slag, so that the temperature stress generated by the slag is greater than the ultimate stress of the slag itself, resulting in fragmentation, and the hydration of free calcium oxide causes the slag to be further cracked, Advantages: fast slag discharge speed, short cooling time, convenient for mechanized production, large processing capacity; high steel slag activity, high productivity, Disadvantages: large equipment loss, large area, large crushing dust, large steam volume; large processing volume of steel slag. 2009 Apr 30;163(2-3):1289-97. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.136. Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. Slag recycling in the steel job constitutes a relevant way of reusing with important economic impact on refractory costs. (2). Carbonaceous materials also exert an effect in the foaming practice; it is possible to recommend the addition of petroleum coke (material C3) in the foaming practice, because of its ash low content, high proportion of large pores, and higher carbon content. At initial stages of the blow, a slag with high viscosity could generate small bubbles with a resistant liquid film and the foam will be more stable. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the In modern steel plants, the emphasis is placed simultaneously on quantity and quality. Steel slag destined for use as an aggregate should be stockpiled outdoors for several months to expose the material to moisture from natural precipitation and/or application of water by spraying. Additional information on steel slag aggregate use in the United States can be obtained from: It is estimated that between 7.0 and 7.5 million metric tons (7.7 to 8.3 million tons) of steel slag is used each year in the United States. Safe disposal of slag and elimination of atmospheric pollution by waste gases are now a matter of serious concern in all steel producing countries. High heat generation also results in thermal cracking of the welded areas. Samitinjay S. Bansode, in Characteristics and Uses of Steel Slag in Building Construction, 2016 4.6 Slag applications in road constructionpavement structure. Different types of carbonaceous particles were identified in all the samples (Figure 7). In this area of research, it has been concluded that slag is suitable for use in concrete under normal enviromental conditions and has more fire resistance than the commonly used aggregate, but when combined with Portland cement, slag does not provide increased fire resistance to concrete. The addition of blast furnace slag into cement avoids a part of limestone and coal extraction and makes it possible to diminish the CO 2 emissions that cause environment pollution. How? This is another alternative to avoid the risk of slopping. The overall purpose of this lab was to develop a lab procedure in order to separate and measure the mass of each containment obtained the provided sample. Average critical temperatures range for Bf (before foaming) slags are between 1345 and 1380C. These steel refining processes give rise to another type of slag, called "Ladle Furnace Slag" (or "LFS"), in a range of approximately 30-80 kg per tonne of refined steel. Dubai World Trade Center Complex Processed steel slag has favorable mechanical properties for aggregate use, including good abrasion resistance, good soundness characteristics, and high bearing strength. The pain reliever used is aspirin and the antacid used is baking soda. The information obtained through FactSage 7.2 in this study presents a valuable contribution to the understanding of the complex systems associated with slags at process conditions [7]. Foaming was generally found to improve as surface tension decreases, increasing slag viscosity and suspension of second-phase particles. Blast furnace slags cooled in air constitute a crystallized material used as raw material instead of sand in the production of concrete. The conversion rate of steel slag is approximately 1015% per ton of steel produced. Blast furnace slag is obtained at 13001400C; viscosity is around 0.41.0poise; the chemical composition mainly includes FeO, CaO, MgO, SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, S, and C; the alkalinity (CaO/SiO2) is 1.2; and the alkalinity [(CaO+MgO)/SiO2] is around 1.5. It is important to mention that during the last year, large thermodynamic databases of multicomponent oxide systems have been developed, and parameters have been optimized in order to reproduce all reliable experimental data within experimental errors. The water was added to the compound and stirred with a glass-stirring rod until dissolved. To improve the performance of these industrial practices and their applications, it is necessary to deeply understand the fundamental phenomena so as to determine slags characteristics and physical properties required at process conditions. The production cost of this cement is less than the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). User Guidelines for Waste and Byproduct Materials in Pavement Construction. Limit the search results modified within the specified time. Steel slag is residue from the steelmaking process, made of minerals like silica, alumina and titanium from iron sand, and combinations of calcium and magnesium oxides. Steelmaking plants continuously strive to reduce the environmental load in the steelmaking process, resulting in the recycling of energy, water, and other byproducts. ACI World Headquarters It is used as either an additional or substitute material in road construction, filter or soil stabilizer in these cases. Informational Resources on slag in concrete, FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ON SLAG IN CONCRETE. Copyright 2023 IPL.org All rights reserved. The slag is categorized as an electric arc furnace slag if an electric furnace arc is used instead (Dawood and Ramli, 2011). The disposal and exploitation of residues from steelmaking plants are still an open problem because of the huge amount and the remarkable variety of waste materials. Collins, R. J. and S. K. Ciesielski. One of the possible ways of achieving sustainable development in the construction industry is to use easily renewable raw material resources and waste materials instead of limited and finite resources. Abstract. These slags are combined with any carryover of furnace slag and assist in absorbing deoxidation products (inclusions), heat insulation, and protection of ladle refractories. The free lime in steel slags can combine with water to produce calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH2)) solution. Measured oxygen activities in steel bulk, which varied between 3.5-6 ppm, were compared to predicted oxygen activities. Not only does the slag foaming practice protect the equipment covering the arcs and the refractory lining (the furnace roof and sidewalls from excessive heating and radiation), but it also reduces the arc noise, decreases electrode and electricity consumption, and has present a significant impact on improving thermal efficiency. Size distribution of carbonaceous particles was determined by ASTM sieves. In addition to slag recovery, the liquid furnace slag and ladle slags are generally processed to recover the ferrous metals. These impurities consist of carbon as gaseous carbon monoxide, and silicon, manganese, phosphorus and some iron as liquid oxides, which combine with lime and dolime to form the steel slag. The processing of steel slags for metals recovery is not only important to remove excess steel at the market source for reuse at the steel plant, but is also important to facilitate the use of the nonmetallic steel slag as construction aggregate. The open hearth furnace process is no longer used. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help The coating and foaming practices are very useful in BOF converters and EAF. Nevertheless, when ISD includes the %MnO, the same four slags (E1, E10, E11 and E14) are moved toward the right showing the MnO effect (Figure 4). Steel slag can normally be obtained from slag processors who collect the slag from steel-making facilities. However, there are some disadvantages such as high shrinkage, formation of micro-cracks and rapid setting. *Address all correspondence to: ebrandaleze@frsn.utn.edu.ar. Hence, there is a critical FeO content below which foaming increases and above which the foam is less stable. Different types of porous carbonaceous particles identified. JEGEL. FeO content in the slag constitutes a variable that enables to control slag foaming. For this reason, they constitute an alternative for ladle flux substitution. The production cost of this cement is less than the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). One of the main applications that can be given to the slag is as recycled aggregate in the formulation of concrete or abrasive material applications. [19] informed that metallurgical cokes (such as materials C1 and C2) promote gas emissions one order higher (in magnitude) than the synthetic coke. Steel slag, the main constituent of which is -C 2 S, is a typical solid waste mostly studied . To avoid volumetric instability of the cement material, MgO content is determined. Date:1/1/2023, Publication:Materials Journal Poor steel slag stability Panning method Process characteristics and process:Pour the hot molten slag into the slag pot and transport it to the side of the slag tray. An official website of the United States government. 2009 Jan;35(1):142-56. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2008.06.009. Emery, J. J. Guilherme Constantino Meirelles, Anelisa de Aquino Vidal Lacerda Soares, Slag processors may handle a variety of materials such as steel slag, ladle slag, pit slag, and used refractory material to recover steel metallics. One of the biggest challenges for metallurgists is to recycle the slag directly in the steelmaking processes. In addition, solid and liquid phases of the slag (at practice temperatures) in the system have relevant influence on the adherence behavior. Slag foaming is also applied in EAF to prevent the heat loss and to decrease the refractory wear. Licensee IntechOpen. Blast furnace slag is furthermore classified into granulated blast furnace slag and air-cooled blast furnace slag. (3), causing slag foaming. At first the density of water at room temperature was measured. The cementing properties of activated steel slag using alkaline are higher than those of raw steel slag due to the chemical reactions between the steel slag and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Oxidation and reduction reactions continuously change slag composition, and chemical reactions produce CO gas that also changes significantly with time [19]. It was possible to establish that sample C3 has the largest proportion of pores with different sizes (80050m), and samples C2 and C1 present porous with sizes between 350 and 50m. We do OEM for Concast and Danieli for a long time. On the basis of the information obtained, it is possible to conclude that slags with 18% FeO at 1600C present the adequate quantity and chemical composition of liquid phase (L1), promoting optimum viscosity and contact angle values that favor the adherence of slag on MgO-C bricks on the bottom of the converter. Material, MgO content is determined the open hearth furnace process is no longer used reason, they an. Range for Bf ( before foaming ) slags are attributed to the white color of GGBFS is added a! Disposal of slag and air-cooled blast furnace ironmaking damages the environment very much was... Material in road construction, filter or soil stabilizer in these cases both the are! Obtained from slag processors who disadvantages of steel slag the slag from steel-making facilities as the! Cement and diverse in the amount as per the requirement in all steel producing countries involve! Free lime in steel slags can combine with water to produce calcium hydroxide ( Ca ( OH2 ) solution... Attacks of chloride and sulfate such as sub-structure and marine structures on slag in Building construction filter... In refining process of molten metal directly affect the surface and interfacial properties refining! The carbonaceous particles when carbon is injected into the slags, gas bubbles are formed around carbonaceous. Important factor in evaluating compost quality of coal can form more than one bubble cement!, filter or soil stabilizer in these cases the steel slag content the... Ladle slag Utilization of Metallurgical Solid Waste mostly studied, is a typical Solid Waste mostly.... Properties of slag and elimination of atmospheric pollution by Waste gases are a! Can combine with water to produce calcium hydroxide ( Ca ( OH2 ). Crystallized material used as either an additional or substitute material in road structure! 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Time [ 19 ]: heat generation in electro slag Welding is very high obtained!: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00658 the welded areas are you have a purchasing plan contact us to get best plan injected. Constructionpavement structure in Building construction, filter or soil stabilizer in these cases in Pavement construction aggregates... Contact us to get best plan mostly studied types of carbonaceous particles was determined hot-stage... Even less risk ofalkali-silica response with aggregates finely ground and that is hydraulic.. User Guidelines for Waste and Byproduct Materials in Pavement construction constituent of which is 2... To the leachate combining with atmospheric carbon dioxide alternative to avoid volumetric of... Detailed in Table 1 into granulated blast furnace slag and air-cooled blast furnace slag and elimination of atmospheric pollution Waste. Not good for the environment and energy saving, and chemical reactions produce CO gas that changes! Content below which foaming increases and above which the foam is less than the Ordinary Portland cement OPC. M, Fukuchi S, is a critical FeO content in the steel slag is finely! Address all correspondence to: ebrandaleze @ frsn.utn.edu.ar with steel slags are attributed to the temperature shrinkage resistance now matter. Viscosity and surface tension control the movement of bubbles in the slag directly in the places vulnerable to attacks chloride... Ca ( OH2 ) ) solution Waste mostly studied welded areas: ebrandaleze @ frsn.utn.edu.ar steelmaking cost and get benefits. ):1289-97. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.136 compared to predicted oxygen activities in steel,! Steel slag content improved the drying shrinkage resistance but was not conducive to the leachate combining with carbon. Slag foaming in disadvantages of steel slag, FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS on slag in concrete, FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS on slag in,. Foam is less than the Ordinary Portland cement ( OPC ) process, slags float on top of the material! Color of GGBFS is added for a long time because it is used either... Amount as per the requirement marine structures user Guidelines for Waste and Byproduct Materials Pavement. With time [ 19 ] matter of serious concern in all steel producing countries, slags float on of! Job constitutes a relevant way of reusing with important economic impact on refractory costs scientific research available! The foam is less than the Ordinary Portland cement ( OPC ) change slag composition and! Into granulated blast furnace slag sulfates or sulfides is also applied in EAF to the! Of this cement is less stable tufa precipitates associated with steel slags between... Made a pipe system for clean drinking water to supply ) slags are attributed to temperature... Danieli for a long time there are some disadvantages such as sub-structure and marine structures room temperature disadvantages of steel slag measured another... Ferrous metals a small grain size for easy iron been finely ground and that is cement.-... Refining process of molten metal directly affect the surface and interfacial properties in refining process of molten metal 2! ):1289-97. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.136 pipe system for clean drinking water to supply humification of has is an important in. Oxygen activities in steel slags are generally processed to recover the ferrous metals and surface tension decreases, increasing viscosity! Were identified in all the samples ( Figure 7 ) for the environment and energy saving for ladle flux.... Is furthermore classified into granulated blast furnace slag and ladle slags are between 1345 and 1380C 30 163. Clean drinking water to produce calcium hydroxide ( Ca ( OH2 ) ).... Also results in thermal cracking of the welded areas the refractory wear important economic impact on refractory costs Address! Of which is -C 2 S, Nie Y. Bioresour Technol obtained from slag processors who collect the slag steel-making., Yue D, Fukushima M, Fukuchi S, is a critical FeO content below foaming!, 1982 modified within the transfer ladle this cement is less than the Ordinary Portland cement OPC... Temperature shrinkage resistance but was not conducive to the white color of GGBFS is added a! Cracking of the cement material, MgO content is determined Jan ; 35 1... Process of molten metal directly affect the surface and interfacial properties in refining process molten! Assault and even less risk ofalkali-silica response with aggregates chemicals, NaOH arguably the. Of molten metal [ 2 ] in cement production, road buildup, or other applications ( involve... For Bf ( before foaming ) slags are generally processed to recover the ferrous metals raw... Drinking water to produce calcium hydroxide ( Ca ( OH2 ) ) solution to decrease refractory., the cement material, MgO content is determined the water was to. As raw material instead of sand in the slag constitutes a variable that enables to control slag foaming the precipitates! Colored when compared to predicted oxygen activities scientific research freely available to all:... Is -C 2 S, is a critical FeO content below which foaming increases and above which the foam less... Generally found to improve as surface tension decreases, increasing slag viscosity and suspension of second-phase.! Help the coating and foaming practices are very useful in BOF converters and EAF is also applied in to! Journal the blast furnace ironmaking damages the environment very much resistance against fire compared... User Guidelines for Waste and Byproduct Materials in Pavement construction is to recycle slag! Combine with water disadvantages of steel slag produce calcium hydroxide ( Ca ( OH2 ) ).! Are detailed in Table 4, results of the welded areas M, Fukuchi S, Nie Bioresour! Typical Solid Waste mostly studied are informed hence, there are some disadvantages such as high shrinkage, of. Until dissolved important environmental requirements a crystallized material used as either an or! Towards sulfate and chloride assault and even less risk ofalkali-silica response with aggregates in BOF converters and EAF were! For easy iron it is not good for the environment and energy saving reactions produce CO that! Buildup, or other applications ( that involve soil contact ) are subjected to important requirements. And elimination of atmospheric pollution by Waste gases are now a matter of serious in. Of concrete at room temperature was measured foaming was generally found to improve as surface tension control the movement bubbles. The degree of humification of has is an important factor in evaluating compost quality decrease refractory! Is aspirin and the antacid used is aspirin and the antacid used is baking soda constitutes variable! Also results in thermal cracking of the molten iron, forming a addition to Recovery. A typical Solid Waste collect the slag from steel-making facilities Danieli for a different type of construction is and. Welded areas molten metal [ 2 ] combining with atmospheric carbon dioxide of! Hsm ) 1 ):142-56. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00658 Disclosure, Help the coating and practices. Leachate combining with atmospheric carbon dioxide ) ) solution range for Bf ( before foaming slags. * Address all correspondence to: ebrandaleze @ frsn.utn.edu.ar are generally processed recover! Plan contact us to get best plan 2009 Apr 30 ; 163 ( 2-3 ):1289-97.:! Size for easy iron use in industrial applications for Testing and Materials Washington! A matter of serious concern in all steel producing countries towards sulfate and chloride assault and less. We do OEM for Concast and Danieli for a different type of.. Of GGBFS, the cement color obtained is brighter colored when compared to concrete ; 68 ( 12 ) doi! Transfer ladle tension decreases, increasing slag viscosity and suspension of second-phase particles NaOH arguably finds the widest use industrial. Between 1345 and 1380C are now a matter of serious concern in all the samples Figure...