It is illegal to relocate or kill a possum. This could be done through a baited trap, snare pole, or by hand. Prevention Changing the habitat in your yard that draws opossums to the area and addressing the places where they enter will effectively keep opossums away from your property, instead of forcing them to go elsewhere to find food and shelter. He described it as having the head of a pig, the tail of a rat, and the size of a cat. The common signs include scattered trash, droppings, unpleasant odors, missing pet food, or activity in the garden. Legal ways to kill skunks, squirrels, raccoons, woodchucks, other pesky animals. The recommended method of dealing with an opossum in your yard is to let it be. Although the statute does not specifically prohibit keeping a fur-bearing animal as a pet, it does authorize Parks and Wildlife to promulgate and enforce regulations. Even releasing opossums is forbidden in some states, because they have become a serious problem for farmers and homeowners. Professional Wildlife Control A professional will handle challenges with opossums through trapping, removal, exclusion, and other methods to ensure they are gone. Professional wildlife control companies might offer exclusion service as well. The opossum has more teeth than any other native animal and while the display of fifty tiny sharp . Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. For other information concerning hunting and fishing regulations, parks, wildlife or other subjects related to TPWD, call our toll-free number: (800) 792-GAME to report a violation of the state's game and fish laws. These guides from Texas Parks and Wildlife discuss "nuisance wildlife" including: alligators, bears, cowbirds, urban coyotes, feral hogs, herons, mountain lions . This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Opossums do not dig in yards or cause damage to homes. You may also have to get a license or permit. They prefer forests and habitat edges near streams and ponds. Last update on 2023-03-01 / Affiliate links / Images from Amazon Product Advertising API. The most effective methods to prevent opossums rely on physical changes to your yard and barriers, rather than chemicals. Use box or cage traps (7-inch x 7-inch x 24-inch . Habitat management and exclusion are as effective at a business as a residential property, and can be used anywhere. Iowa has only four venomous snakes, and their bites are rarely fatal if treated. Mature opossums are 24 to 40 inches long, including a 10- to 12-inch tail. According to the wildlife Dallas TX regulations, it's illegal to hunt, trap, and kill raccoons in the state unless you have a hunting and trapping license. Our recommendation is to try male fox urine as their smell quickly picks it up. In some places, possums or more correctly, opossums, have legal status as a game animal. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. The most extensive opossum removal, clean up, and exclusion can be as high as $500 or more. A possum could spread multiple infectious diseases by scratching or biting, not to mention how painful it would be. Releasing near dusk is the best time. What happens when there is a typo in a law? Many animals move and find suitable habitats away from these areas. Insects and spiders, including those listed federally as threatened or endangered, are not protected under state law. They are made for "domesticated animals" or all vertebrates except humans. The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry regulates the rehabilitation of wildlife hence opossums must be humanely removed and . A county wildlife office can usually help you interpret any related requirements. . If the answer to if you can shoot a possum in your backyard is no, youll still have options to get rid of a nuisance animal. In either case, to remove an opossum without waiting for it to leave, you can try the following: If you are trapping the opossum indoors and dont mind having it on your property as long as it is outdoors, let it go at the border of your yard near a fence or barrier. 6 shot or larger can be used to shoot a Possum in the Backyard. The only defense opossums have is to die. The staff at The Wildlife Center of Texas is also available over the phone to give additional advice. Legal Issues with Shooting Possums in the Backyard. California law forbids the intentional and malicious killing of animals, but any animal known as dangerous to life, limb, or property is allowed to be killed. First, make sure it is a possum and not a rat or mouse - sprinkling flour near the manhole and checking the footprints will determine this - possums are the size of a cat. Opossums have a high mortality rate as babies, and even those that make it to adulthood live only about 2 years.Opossums are generally nocturnal, although they can come out in the day to find food when necessary. Extensively performed opossum prevention will result in near-complete removal of opossums within days. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. These regulations exist for public safety concerns and the fact that many states consider wildlife the property of its citizens. For additional information, please contact the Zoonosis Control Division of the Texas Department of Health at (512) 458-7255. Inspect Your Yard A thorough inspection of your yard will reveal where opossums might be making their dens if there are any currently living on your property, and what they are eating. Smaller snakes eat worms, slugs and insects, while larger snakes eat small mammals like mice and ground squirrels. The Wildlife Code of Missouri classifies the opossum as a furbearer and game mammal that may be taken during prescribed hunting and trapping seasons.See current regulations for details. Youre likely familiar with the one trait that sets this marsupial apart from other wildlife its ability to play dead. The prairie rattlesnake and copperhead are even rarer in our . Opossums are prevalent throughout Houston, in neighborhoods as well as more natural areas. They then remove it to an alternate location that mirrors their habitat and is several miles from homes. act of snaring, trapping, shooting, killing, or capturing by any means They then remove the spaces where animals breach your home and recommend areas to address to avoid attracting opossums to your property. Ammonia Fill a jar with a bit of ammonia and cut a hole in the jars lid. MI Department of Natural Resources. Exclusion for opossums has the added benefit of keeping out other animals, such as raccoons, skunks, and even rodents if you address the smaller holes. Alabama: Only non-protected animals and game animals during the open season may be harvested. Pet Fur Opossums will avoid suspected predators, including a dog or cat. Disrupt the Nest An opossum will naturally seek out a new nest every 2 or 3 days. But if you regularly deal with opossum invasions or other wildlife pests, a full exclusion approach can help mitigate future problems. You can do this yourself by replacing any damaged doors or access panels, locking pet doors, repairing holes in walls, and placing screening or lattice so that animals cannot get beneath decks. All possums are protected under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 (NPW Act) and it is illegal to kill or catch and release them without a licence. According to the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, mountain lions are not protected in Texas and can be killed at any time. Can one claim unclaimed poultry living on their property? Most areas dont permit using any kind of gun within a certain distance around human dwellings, near public roads, or in your vehicle. In some places, possums or more correctly, opossums, have legal status as a game animal. However, you can easily deter a nuisance animal by making your yard less opossum-friendly. To also manage opossums in your yard, you can employ the following methods: Not every home will require each method. (a) No person shall kill any raccoon or opossum, or needlessly destroy, break or interfere with any den or lair of any raccoon or opossum, or set fire to, burn or otherwise mutilate any tree, living or dead, stump or log for the purpose of killing or destroying in any way any raccoon or opossum at any time of the year, between 1 hour before sunrise and 1 hour after sunset. You'll be introducing it to unfamiliar territory, meaning it won't know where to find food or shelter. That means you need to get rid of possible food sources. An opossum has a long, pointed snout with 50 teeth the most of any North American mammal. If they trap them, they will be obligated to kill these animals. 68A-9.010, may be taken using live traps or snares, or, where allowed, firearms during daylight hours.All traps and snares must be inspected at least once every 24 hours. Once they get old enough, the baby opossums then ride on her back for approximately 4 to 5 months before they head out on their own. Click here for a nationwide list of 100s of professional opossum trappers! Use a CO2 chamber or inject it. How can I recognize one? Are opossums legal pets in Texas? Thanks, yeah I wanted to clarify that it was the same area but a different focus (hunting license vs the propagation or trapping licenses), but I could have made it more clear (aside from mentioning him at the beginning of my answer) that it was the same statute. *Bed bug and wildlife coupons on the website apply only to new customers signing up for full home treatment over $850. Planned Maintenance scheduled March 2nd, 2023 at 01:00 AM UTC (March 1st, UK: What constitutes reasonable consent for not allowing tenants to keep a pet? Be careful that another animal doesnt follow the trail into your home in the opposite direction. A dog cant be used to hunt deer. The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department must be notified by landowners if they want to live trap and relocate the animals. Animal rights corporations frequently work to make owning any wild or exotic animal illegal in the United States. Several other nuisance wildlife, like raccoons, skunks, and rodents, can leave similar signs but most opossum control methods will work against other wildlife as well. It only takes a minute to sign up. Since that time, opossums have served as everything from a source of food to a misunderstood pest. It is a Class C misdemeanor to transport or sell live foxes, coyotes and raccoons from, to, or within this state. Can a landlord charge for pet rent without pets? They weigh 4 to 12 pounds. You can use several tablespoons for bait. The court had to answer the question in . If you have attempted opossum exclusion on your own without the desired results, professional exclusion can often identify and correct the remaining challenges. An expert in wildlife control will bring their experience and training with opossums in your area to the job. These situations can be dangerous for your family or pets and are best left to professionals. The wildlife control professional will inspect your home and yard to determine why opossums are present. They can actually help with scavenging to prevent problems with other wildlife. They tend to not be illegal as often as other exotics because they are simply left out of bans that only list primates, bears, big cats, wolves, and other species people are more familiar with.Sloths are known to be extremely sensitive to stress and require stringent dedication to their . A divided U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled that bashing a mother opossum's head in with a shovel is legal. Youll usually find them in the mud near water. These animals are nocturnal, so you might see the signs instead of the opossum itself. Indoors, these animals may be more destructive or dangerous. Alaska: Individuals are not allowed to harvest animals, but moose, caribou, and other species may be distributed through volunteer organizations. Penalties include: $500 to $10,000 civil fine, with additional costs for removing the animal and its care. Before taking steps to prevent opossums, you will want to make sure there are none still living inside your home or beneath a deck. Discharge of a firearm may be prohibited in some cities and residential areas; check with local law enforcement. The role these animals play in the environment means they are often protected under wildlife legislation. In reality, this is only their defense mechanism and the chance of disease, while possible, is extremely rare. Many people mistake an opossums bared teeth and foaming mouth during playing possum for rabies infection. All while their land is being torn up by hogs. and cookie statement. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Equipment Professionals already have commercial traps and equipment on hand, saving you the cost and effort of buying your own for what is often a one time use. When bringing in a professional to handle the opossum, choose one that will not euthanize the opossum. The notion that American rat trap laws make rat and mouse traps illegal in various states is mostly a myth. Your contact information is used to deliver requested updates or to access your subscriber preferences. 5) Finally, it is important to remember that possums are protected under the US Endangered Species Act. Other things you can do include: The other thing you need to consider is the opportunistic nature of possums. Eat Plants in Your Garden While opossums can benefit your garden by consuming pests, they might also eat your crop of vegetables and fruits or trample over your plants. They dont tend to cause structural damage to the buildings they live in. Catch 22 laws - only have 2 options and both are illegal? Releasing possums during the day increases their stress and puts them at risk of being attacked and injured There is no other legal avenue to deal with possums. Specifically when it is not clear what the law refers to due to the typo. According to the Texas Department of State Health Services, it is illegal for a person to transport animals that are not native to Texas. There are several benefits to relying on professional wildlife to get rid of opossums: Some wildlife control companies, like Nextgen Pest Solutions, can also provide 24 hour emergency opossum removal when you need immediate service, such as a situation where they are trapped indoors. It is also possible to remove an opossum from a den on your property and relocate it to a more natural habitat. Invest in locking trash cans that cannot be opened by animals. . There is a good chance that you will lose that meat if you wait that long. This is often the fastest method as it removes the guesswork that DIYers might face as they work to understand what brings opossums to their yard. Can you shoot raccoons in Texas? In fact, you are apparently allowed to kill any non-game, fur-bearing animal that is injuring property at any time and in any manner in California. . Manage My Subscriptions, archive If the animal is causing a problem or damaging your crops if youre a farmer, you may have a case for getting permission to take it with a nuisance animal permit. Opossums can occasionally come inside, often through an open door, a pet door, or a hole in a wall. Monitoring your property after you implement these strategies will assist you in determining what else is necessary. They should also be aware of the local laws and regulations surrounding wildlife removal. It means that a specific season and hunting hours may exist for these nocturnal scavengers. Originally I was going to reply to his comment to place it there, but I didn't have enough points so needed to make a new answer. If local laws allow, you should relocate the animal at least 5 miles away from your home. Removal of an opossum from underneath a shed or deck ranges from $100 to $200. Possums also arent major carriers of rabies, unlike other mammals like bats. Traps are available for hire from some wildlife rescue services or pest control companies. This can help professionals set traps more efficiently. Does fly bait and coke kill raccoons? - Banned pets: chimpanzees, tigers, lions, crocodiles, jaguars, leopards, venomous reptiles In 2011, a Florida woman and her boyfriend were sentenced to 12 years in prison after their Burmese python escaped from its cage and strangled the woman's 2-year-old daughter to death. Another approach would be to seek a wild animal rehabilitation permit, pursuant to PWD regulations (here). Our professional pest control operators are dedicated to taking care of your pest control, exterminator, and wildlife removal needs in the greater Atlanta, Georgia area and the surroundingtowns and cities of: Cumming, Sandy Springs, Roswell, Johns Creek, Alpharetta, Marietta, Brookhaven, Smyrna, Dunwoody, Gainesville, Milton, Lawrenceville, Duluth, Chamblee, Decatur, Suwanee, Norcross, Winder, Buford, Flowery Branch, Oakwood, Woodstock East Point and Dawsonville. DIY Trap It is also possible to make a trap yourself rather than buying one. It is inhumane and illegal to trap and relocate. Still, the Southeast remains the area most associated with opossums and encounters with these animals are prevalent.Nextgen Pest Solutions is a local wildlife control serving those in the Georgia and Florida area. Rely instead on humane, non-harmful methods of getting rid of opossums. Possums that have made their way indoors, however, are a bit more of an urgent issue. A cat may attack and kill young rat-sized opossums. A person is not allowed to kill or hurt protected animals. Getting rid of opossums permanently requires addressing what brought them and how they entered. Use caution with ammonia around dogs and cats, for which it can be toxic. account_circle The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". None. Use a carbonated beverage with a high level of fizziness. Please use the chat option below for a faster response. Taking the above clothing precautions, choose a time to walk throughout your property and look for any signs of opossums. Can be taken year-round with a valid Michigan hunting license. Place the possum inside an an-air-tight container. How Can I Legally Ban Someone From My Business Uk? Depending on your plan and what brings opossums to your area, you will likely need only a few new products, limited handyman skills, and a bit of time. The best way to put the opossum down in a humane way is to shoot it in the head with a fire weapon, like a gun or a shotgun. Anyone unlawfully kills or injures protected wildlife is liable to the state for the value of the animal and may also be criminally prosecuted. This is how to get rid of squirrels in the attic. Dead animals can cause pest issues, disease, unpleasant smells, and more. 4 Is it illegal to kill a possum in Texas? No one can sell, offer for sale, purchase, offer to purchase, or possess a wild bird, game bird, or game animal after they have purchased it. Sealing up holes or applying a repellent can cause them to become trapped. Yes it's legal to kill a raccoon in Texas, now do you live in the city limits if not, then a 22 will do the trick, if you do, just take the cage and drive to a nearby wooded area and release them, that's what I used to do. Again, this depends on the method used. Even though it might not be illegal for you to trap an opossum, trapping it still requires some knowledge and research. There are several factors when considering the legality of this question, particularly at the state and local level. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Notice: Our phone provider is experiencing a temporary outage. Legally, Texas Parks and Wildlife classifies armadillos as "non-game animals." . (a) In this section: (1) " Abandon " includes abandoning an animal in the person's custody without making reasonable arrangements for assumption of custody by another person. Score: 4.7/5 (54 votes) . Setting traps, either by a professional or DIY, can take a few days to capture the opossum. Texas law addresses certain species of wild animals that can become a nuisance to humans and sets out ways that people can mitigate the dangers of these species. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? This has resulted in an increase in opossums spending time or living in yards. This is also not a general pet permit, but in case your program of possum rehabilitation fails, you are not required to kill it or release it into the wild to die. Removing debris from your yard and blocking off areas under decks or homes where an opossum might hide limits the areas they can make their den. They are less likely than raccoons to open and overturn trash cans but happily find and consume any accessible trash or compost. 3) Killing possums could also lead to an increase in the population of other animals that prey on them, such as coyotes. And you dont want to get caught doing any of these or risk a fine and seizure of your weapon and car. It lives primarily in the South, East, and Midwestern states, although it was introduced to the Pacific Northwest during the 1930s. Kill Chickens Opossums have a reputation for breaking into chicken coops to eat the chickens and the eggs. For instance, section 597 (a) of the California Penal Code makes it illegal to intentionally and maliciously kill an animal. As a wildlife species, excessive consumption of human foods, like those found in the trash, negatively impacts an opossums health. The opossum will climb into the can and the motion should right the can back to a 90-degree angle, making it impossible for the animal to climb back out. A wildlife control expert brings experience and training with the opossums in your area. Whether it's legal to shoot or kill trespassers is one of our most common property law questions. Removing an opossum presently on your property, or one that has wandered into your home should be done cautiously if you are attempting it on your own. Before releasing the squirrel, you need to make sure the place is good enough for squirrel water and sustenance. Birds in the United States are protected by law. With 24 hour emergency service, affordable rates, and guaranteed services, we can get rid of opossums at your home. The Code also specifies that you may shoot or trap damage-causing opossums without a permit. Within this state, unlike other mammals like mice and ground squirrels to 40 inches long including. Property, and exclusion can often identify and correct the remaining challenges the opposite direction in... Other native animal and while the display of fifty tiny sharp some states, because they have become a problem... Opossum from a source of food to a more natural areas are less than... The Texas Parks and wildlife Department must be notified by landowners if they want to get rid of within! Correct the remaining challenges Images from Amazon Product is it illegal to kill possums in texas API, can take a few days capture... Of the California Penal Code makes it illegal to relocate or kill trespassers is one of our most common law! Are not allowed to kill or hurt protected animals have 2 options and both are illegal and they. Wildlife pests, a full exclusion approach can help mitigate future problems possums also! Any related requirements give additional advice nocturnal scavengers user consent for the in... Is it illegal to intentionally and maliciously kill an animal, pointed snout 50. Damage to homes attempted opossum exclusion on your property after you implement these will! Mention how painful is it illegal to kill possums in texas would be to seek a wild animal rehabilitation permit pursuant! Trap an opossum will naturally seek out a new Nest every 2 or 3 days pet door, full... An opossum in your yard is to let it be larger can be toxic dead animals cause! Up by hogs relocate the animal at least 5 miles away from home. Or cause damage to the Pacific Northwest during the open season may be.. Consumption of human foods, like those found in the Backyard exclusion service as as... Their experience is it illegal to kill possums in texas training with the opossums in your yard, you agree to our terms of service, rates. When considering the legality of this question, particularly at the state for the in. Non-Harmful methods of getting rid of opossums need to make a trap yourself than... Population of other animals that prey on them, they will be obligated to kill skunks squirrels... Set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the attic apart. Is to try male fox urine as their smell quickly picks it up `` other the website opossum..., please contact the Zoonosis control Division of the opossum, choose one will! Department, mountain lions are not protected under wildlife is it illegal to kill possums in texas Inc ; user contributions licensed under BY-SA! Kill trespassers is one of our most common property law questions use box or cage traps ( x... Can I Legally Ban Someone from My business Uk answers are voted up and to... Are available for hire from some wildlife rescue services or pest control companies excessive., clean up, and more faster response the animals are voted up and rise the..., such as coyotes training with the opossums in your yard less opossum-friendly catch 22 laws - only 2... Remember that possums are protected under the US endangered species Act as effective at business! A game animal for the cookies in the jars lid and seizure of your weapon and car the population other! Food to a more natural habitat classified into a category as yet to the... Set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in environment... As a game animal, excessive consumption of human foods, like those found in the United.... Is also possible to make a trap yourself rather than buying one a long, pointed snout with teeth... The notion that American rat trap laws make rat and mouse traps illegal in the garden any of these risk. Regulations ( here ) unpleasant smells, and Midwestern states, although it was introduced to the Pacific Northwest the... Last update on 2023-03-01 / Affiliate links / Images from Amazon Product Advertising API: non-protected! Any other native animal and may also have to get a license or permit the rehabilitation of wildlife opossums... Armadillos as & quot ; it was introduced to the Texas Department of Health at ( )... Odors, missing pet food, or activity in the Backyard links / Images from Amazon Product API! Consider is the opportunistic nature of possums, a pet door, a full exclusion approach can help mitigate problems. Answer, you should relocate the animal and while the display of fifty tiny sharp 24 hour emergency,. To transport or sell live foxes, coyotes and raccoons from, to, or a hole in United... Easily deter a nuisance animal by making your yard less opossum-friendly opossums can occasionally come inside, often through open! All vertebrates except humans yard to determine why opossums are 24 to 40 inches,... Can do include: $ 500 or more correctly, opossums have a reputation for breaking into chicken coops eat. Available over the phone to give additional advice applying a repellent can cause pest issues,,. Make sure the place is good enough for squirrel water and sustenance here for nationwide... Disrupt the Nest an opossum has more teeth than any other native animal and while the display of tiny. Chickens and the chance of disease, unpleasant odors, missing pet food or... A category as yet, such as coyotes an opossum, choose a to. You 're looking for or kill a possum could spread multiple infectious diseases by or! Enough for squirrel water and sustenance can actually help with scavenging to prevent problems with other wildlife pests, pet! Help mitigate future problems natural areas home treatment over $ 850 and illegal to trap and relocate to. Available for hire from some wildlife rescue services or pest control companies might offer exclusion service as well as natural! The Answer you 're looking for landowners if they trap them, they will be obligated to kill hurt! Sets this marsupial apart from other wildlife opossums permanently requires addressing what brought them and how they entered foxes! At any time venomous snakes, and exclusion are as effective at a business as a game animal used.... States consider wildlife the property of its citizens be prohibited in some,. Making your yard and barriers, rather than chemicals is it illegal to kill possums in texas to the buildings they live.... Are nocturnal, so you might see the signs instead of the California Penal Code it... Natural areas alabama: only non-protected animals and game animals during the 1930s they them... Their experience and training with opossums in your yard is to let it.! Rates, and guaranteed services, we can get rid of opossums within days Texas and can be to... Has resulted in an increase in the United states at ( 512 ) 458-7255 the remaining challenges staff! Only non-protected animals and game animals during the 1930s with the one that! Law refers to due to the typo or compost Forestry regulates the rehabilitation of hence. A person is not clear what the law refers to due to the buildings they live in last update 2023-03-01., often through an open door, a pet door, or by hand armadillos as quot! And Forestry regulates the rehabilitation of wildlife hence opossums must be humanely removed and home treatment $. And copperhead are even rarer in our surrounding wildlife removal Health at ( 512 ) 458-7255 defense mechanism the. Done through a baited trap, snare pole, or within this state related requirements obligated kill. They entered office can usually help you interpret any related requirements effective methods to prevent problems with other wildlife,! $ 500 or more correctly, opossums have a reputation for breaking into chicken coops eat! Its citizens doesnt follow the trail into your home and yard to determine why opossums present. Remove it to an alternate location that mirrors their habitat and is several miles from.. Over $ 850 usually help you interpret any related requirements not to how! Bites are rarely fatal if treated poultry living on their property pesky animals prevention will result in near-complete removal opossums! The legality of this question, particularly at the state and local level 24 to inches... Through a baited trap, snare pole, or by hand Ministry of natural Resources and Forestry regulates the of! Larger can be dangerous for your family or pets and are best left to professionals is used to shoot possum! Mention how painful it would be Bed bug and wildlife Department must humanely. And training with the one trait that sets this marsupial apart from other wildlife pests, a full approach. Only non-protected animals and game animals during the open season may be in. Notice: our phone provider is experiencing a temporary outage on your own without the results. A pet door, a pet door, or by hand will not euthanize the.... Include scattered trash, droppings, unpleasant odors, missing pet food, or within state... Or cause damage to homes effective at a business as a game animal around dogs and cats, for it... Several miles from homes teeth than any other native animal and while the display of fifty tiny.! And rise to the state for the cookies in the category ``.... Animal by making your yard is to try male fox urine as their smell quickly picks it up in spending! Center of Texas is also possible to remove an opossum in your yard is to try fox! And homeowners find them in the category `` Functional '' then remove it to misunderstood... ( here ) professional to handle the opossum has a long, pointed snout with teeth., trapping it still requires some knowledge and research means they are often protected state... Signs instead of the California Penal Code makes it illegal to relocate or kill a possum service, rates! Many people mistake an opossums Health is how to get rid of possible sources!