In March 1975 Kariuki was kidnapped, tortured, and murdered, and his body was dumped in the Ngong Hills. HOME; SEARCH; MY TREE Start Family Tree; Jomo Kenyatta Hill - Flint, Michigan - (810) 336-8411 . Throughout the 1920s Jomo Kenyatta immersed himself in the movement against a white-settler-dominated Kenyan government. Photo: State House, Kenya. [239] In October 1961 she bore him another son, Uhuru, and later on another daughter, Nyokabi, and a further son, Muhoho. [489], While in Britain, Kenyatta made political alliances with individuals committed to Marxism and to radical Pan-Africanism, the idea that African countries should politically unify;[490] some commentators have posthumously characterised Kenyatta as a Pan-Africanist. [455] This clique faced opposition from KANU back-benchers spearheaded by Josiah Mwangi Kariuki. He was born in 1964. For other uses, see, 95 Cambridge Street, London, where Kenyatta resided for much of his time in London; it is now marked by a. Jomo Kenyatta and his beautiful wife, Fiona Ngobi Achola have been the most talked-about family simply because they are linked to President Kenyatta. [368] As part of the Lancaster House negotiations, Britain's government agreed to provide Kenya with 27million with which to buy out white farmers and redistribute their land among the indigenous population. They had four children: Christine Warnbui (born 1952), Uhuru Kenyatta (born 1963), Anna Nyokabi (also known as Jeni) and Muhoho Kenyatta (born 1964). The violence continued sporadically until 1996, with an estimated 1500 killed and 300,000 displaced in the Rift Valley. Kenyatta maintained himself in England by lecturing and working as a farm labourer, and he continued to produce political pamphlets publicizing the Kikuyu cause. [422] Soon after the KPU's creation, the Kenyan Parliament amended the constitution to ensure that the defectorswho had originally been elected on the KANU ticketcould not automatically retain their seats and would have to stand for re-election. [558] Drawing upon Marxist theory, Jay O'Brien, for instance, argued that Kenyatta had come to power "as a representative of a would-be bourgeoisie", a coalition of "relatively privileged petty bourgeois African elements" who wanted simply to replace the British colonialists and "Asian commercial bourgeoisie" with themselves. [8] Wambui subsequently bore another son, Kongo,[9] shortly before Muigai died. [167] Kenyatta supported this resolution, although was more cautious than other delegates and made no open commitment to violence. Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya's first prime minister and Uhuru's father, created a legacy that has helped his children reach positions of power. Jomo Kenyatta [a] CGH ( c. 1897 - 22 August 1978) was a Kenyan anti- colonial activist and politician who governed Kenya as its Prime Minister from 1963 to 1964 and then as its first President from 1964 to his death in 1978. [279] He was sufficiently successful that several prominent white Kenyans backed KANU in the subsequent election. By 1959, the Mau Mau had killed around 1,880 people. [218] He sentenced them to seven years' hard labour, to be followed by indefinite restriction preventing them from leaving a given area without permission. [28] At the time, the British Empire was engaged in the First World War, and the British Army had recruited many Kikuyu. [260], Renison decided to release Kenyatta before Kenya achieved independence. [322] Over the course of 1965 and 1966, several constitutional amendments enhanced the president's power. [323] For instance, a May 1966 amendment gave the president the ability to order the detention of individuals without trial if he thought the security of the state was threatened. [237] The administration then placed a restricting order on Kenyatta, forcing him to reside in the remote area of Lodwar, where he had to report to the district commissioner twice a day. Nick Name: Mzee Jomo Kenyatta Also Known As: Kamau wa Muigai Died At Age: 84 Family: Spouse/Ex-: Edna Clarkem. [251] In January 1960, the British government made its intention to free Kenya apparent. [51] Kenyatta accepted, probably on the condition that the Association matched his pre-existing wage. "[550] By the time of Kenyatta's death, Kenya had gained higher life expectancy rates than most of Sub-Saharan Africa. [531] The Israeli diplomat Asher Naim visited him in this period, noting that although Kenyatta was "not a religious man, he was appreciative of the Bible". The Africans were dispossessed, leaseholds of land were restricted to white settlers, and native reservations were established. [189], To attract support from Kenya's Indian community, he made contact with Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of the new Indian republic. University College London and the London School of Economics: 19331939, Presidency of the Kenya African Union: 19461952, Domestic influence and posthumous assessment, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 15:12, Communist University of the Toilers of the East, Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, supported the abolition of this traditional practice, International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers, International African Friends of Abyssinia, Indian National Congress of Great Britain, Industrial and Commercial Development Corporation, a legal change revoked their right to do so, United States Agency for International Development, "Kenyatta Family Seeks Approval To For Its Dream City Outside Nairobi", Africa: Rivista Trimestrale di Studi e Documentazione dell'Istituto Italiano Perl'Africa e l'Oriente, "Funeral Planning: British Involvement in the Funeral of President Jomo Kenyatta", A 1964 newsreel from British Pathe of Kenyatta's swearing in as President of Kenya, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jomo_Kenyatta&oldid=1141137892, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 15:12. [521] Despite this, Kenyatta exhibited a general dislike of Indians, believing that they exploited indigenous Africans in Kenya. Backed by several other senior KANU figures and trade unionists, he became head of the new Kenya Peoples Union (KPU). [58], Simon Gikandi argued that Kenyatta, like some of his contemporaries in the Pan-African movement, was an "Afro-Victorian", someone whose identity had been shaped "by the culture of colonialism and colonial institutions", especially those of the Victorian era. Discover lesser-known facts about celebrities that matter to you and find out how you. He denied this affiliation. [301] Privately, Kenyatta was more reluctant regarding the arrangement and as 1964 came around the federation had not come to pass. [178] Under Kenyatta's leadership, additional funds were raised for the construction of school buildings and the number of boys in attendance rose from 250 to 900. [32], In 1917, Kenyatta moved to Narok, where he was involved in transporting livestock to Nairobi,[31] before relocating to Nairobi to work in a store selling farming and engineering equipment. [401] Kenyatta's relationship with the United States was also warm; the United States Agency for International Development played a key role in helping respond to a maize shortage in Kambaland in 1965. [293] KANU was victorious with 83 seats out of 124 in the House of Representatives;[280] a KANU majority government replaced the pre-existing coalition. [342] The government passed laws to encourage foreign investment, recognising that Kenya needed foreign-trained specialists in scientific and technical fields to aid its economic development. ", After the United Kingdom entered World War II in September 1939, Kenyatta and Stock moved to the Sussex village of Storrington. [4] He lives in London after retiring from BBC after working as a producer. [440], Kenyatta's government resorted to un-democratic measures to restrict the opposition. After serving briefly as an interpreter in the High Court, Kenyatta transferred to a post with the Nairobi Town Council. She bore him another child, but later died in childbirth. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). COMPANY is now part of the GardaWorld family of companies, all services are now . [358] Kenyatta was not sympathetic to those leaving: "Kenya's identity as an African country is not going to be altered by the whims and malaises of groups of uncommitted individuals. [276], Kenyatta sought to gain the confidence of the white settler community. His annual memorial is marked this week, but was turned into a family only affair last year. Uhuru Kenyatta Family Tree. [432] Kenyatta had reportedly been concerned that Mboya, with U.S. backing, could remove him from the presidency,[433] and across Kenya there were suspicions voiced that Kenyatta's government was responsible for Mboya's death. Kenya's first President Mzee Jomo Kenyatta married four wives, Grace Wahu, Edna Clarke, Grace Wanjiku and Mama Ngina. [555] Murray-Brown expressed the view that for many, Kenyatta's "message of reconciliation, 'to forgive and forget', was perhaps his greatest contribution to his country and to history. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The man who won his country's independence. [136] In response to these activities, the British Colonial Office reopened their file on him, although could not find any evidence that he was engaged in anything sufficiently seditious to warrant prosecution. [306], A celebration to mark independence was held in a specially constructed stadium on 12 December 1963. [430] The killing sparked tensions between the Kikuyu and other ethnic groups across the country,[434] with riots breaking out in Nairobi. "[479] This approach was similar to the Zambian President Kenneth Kaunda's ideology of "African humanism". During the 1990s, there was still much frustration among tribal groups, namely in the Nandi, Nakuru, Uasin-Gishu, and Trans-Nzoia Districts, where under Kenyatta's government they had not regained the land taken by European settlers and more of it had been sold to those regarded as "foreigners"Kenyans from other tribes. [389] This put a severe strain on social services; Kenyatta's government promoted family planning projects to stem the birth-rate, but these had little success. [234] In 1958, Rawson Macharia, the key witness in the state's prosecution of Kenyatta, signed an affidavit swearing that his evidence against Kenyatta had been false; this was widely publicised. [125] This angered Ross and contributed to the breakdown of their friendship. [395], Although many white Kenyans accepted Kenyatta's rule, he remained opposed by white far-right activists; while in London at the July 1964 Commonwealth Conference, he was assaulted by Martin Webster, a British neo-Nazi. [364] The Kenyan press, which was largely loyal to Kenyatta, did not delve into this issue;[365] it was only after his death that publications appeared revealing the scale of his personal enrichment. What was Jomo Kenyattas domestic policy? On his release, Kenyatta became President of KANU and led the party to victory in the 1963 general election. [171] He decided not to bring Ednawho was pregnant with a second child[172]with him, aware that if they joined him in Kenya their lives would be made very difficult by the colony's racial laws. Jomo Kenyatta was born Kamau wa Ngengi to parents Ngengi wa Muigai and Wambui in the village of Gatundu, in British East African Colony (now Kenya), a member of the Kikuyu tribe. [348] Left-wing critics highlighted that the image of "African socialism" portrayed in the document provided for no major shift away from the colonial economy. [223] The appeals process resumed in October 1953, and in January 1954 the Supreme Court upheld the convictions against all but Oneko. [186] Relations with the white minority remained strained; for most white Kenyans, Kenyatta was their principal enemy, an agitator with links to the Soviet Union who had the impertinence to marry a white woman. His date of birth, sometime in the early to mid 1890s, is unclear. [140] Utilising a functionalist framework,[141] he promoted the idea that traditional Kikuyu society had a cohesion and integrity that was better than anything offered by European colonialism. Jomo married Grace Kenyatta in 1942, at age 48. [25] He then requested that the mission recommend him for employment, but the head missionary refused because of an allegation of minor dishonesty. [116] He enrolled at UCL as a student, studying an English course between January and July 1935 and then a phonetics course from October 1935 to June 1936. [410] In the first five years of independence, he consolidated control of the central government,[411] removing the autonomy of Kenya's provinces to prevent the entrenchment of ethnic power bases. [451] He suffered from gout and heart problems, all of which he sought to keep hidden from the public. [366] Kenyan corruption and Kenyatta's role in it was better known in Britain, although many of his British friendsincluding McDonald and Brockwaychose to believe Kenyatta was not personally involved. We must refuse to give any support to the British imperialists either by paying taxes or obeying any of their slave laws! [379] The growth in the public sector contributed to the significant expansion of the indigenous middle class in Kenyatta's Kenya. [248] Resolutions calling for his release were produced at the All-African Peoples' Conferences held in Tunis in 1960 and Cairo in 1961. As a member of the Kikuyu people, he traveled to London in 1929 to protest the British governments recommendation that its East African territories be more closely united at the expense of Kikuyu interests. Jomo, who had been incessantly nudged by his blood relations in the larger Kenyatta family to finally settle down, took paternity leave from State House following the birth of the twins. [258] Kenyatta had kept abreast of these developments, although he had refused to back either KANU or KADU,[259] instead insisting on unity between the two parties. Jomo Kenyatta, original name Kamau Ngengi, (born c. 1894, Ichaweri, British East Africa [now in Kenya]died August 22, 1978, Mombasa, Kenya), African statesman and nationalist, the first prime minister (196364) and then the first president (196478) of independent Kenya. Kenyatta left Edna in England when he returned to Kenya in 1946 and married Grace Wanjiku. [97] There he was taught arithmetic, geography, natural science, and political economy, as well as Marxist-Leninist doctrine and the history of the Marxist-Leninist movement. [554] By 1964, this image had largely shifted, and many white settlers referred to him as "Good Old Mzee". Estate Duty Act. (1946-1950), Ngina Kenyattam. [541] As noted by Arnold, "no figure in the whole of British Africa, with the possible exception of [Nkrumah], excited among the settlers and the colonial authorities alike so many expressions of anger, denigration and fury as did Kenyatta. In 'undoing' colonialism, the leaders placed themselves at the forefront of changing global dynamics. (1942-1946), Grace Wahum. On Feb. 24, operations at NBO Terminal 2 will be suspended from 11:00-17:00. . [505] He adopted his surname, "Kenyatta", after the name of a beaded belt he often wore in early life. [538] This use of Kenyatta as a popular symbol of the nation itself was furthered by the similarities between their names. "[528] Arnold stated that in England, Kenyatta's adherence to Christianity was "desultory". [159] In Sussex, he wrote an essay for the United Society for Christian Literature, My People of Kikuyu and the Life of Chief Wangombe, in which he called for his tribe's political independence. [417] Under growing pressure, in 1966 Odinga stepped down as state vice president, claiming that Kenya had failed to achieve economic independence and needed to adopt socialist policies. [295] Kenya remained a monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state. [336] Support was given to the preservation of historic and cultural monuments, while street names referencing colonial figures were renamed and symbols of colonialismlike the statue of British settler Hugh Cholmondeley, 3rd Baron Delamere in Nairobi city centrewere removed. [194] As KAU leader, he was at pains to oppose all illegal activity, including workers' strikes. 1,249 Jomo Kenyatta Premium High Res Photos Browse 1,249 jomo kenyatta stock photos and images available, or search for president of kenya or uhuru kenyatta to find more great stock photos and pictures. [160] He also beganalthough never finisheda novel partly based on his life experiences. [158], Intelligence services continued monitoring Kenyatta, noting that he was politically inactive between 1939 and 1944. [180] Kenyatta built a friendship with Koinange's father, a Senior Chief, who gave Kenyatta one of his daughters to take as his third wife. [88] Kenyatta would not return to Kenya for fifteen years. [443] In October 1969 the government banned the KPU,[444] and arrested Odinga before putting him under indefinite detainment. Padmore resigned from the Soviet Communist Party in protest, and was subsequently vilified in the Soviet press. [26], Kenyatta moved to Thika, where he worked for an engineering firm run by the Briton John Cook. They had 9 children: Peter Muigai Kenyatta, Margaret Wambui Kenyatta and 7 other children. [122] In it, Kenyatta challenged the Eurocentric view of history by presenting an image of a golden African past by emphasising the perceived order, virtue, and self-sufficiency of Kikuyu society. [384] Although Kenyatta died without having attained the goal of free, universal primary education in Kenya, the country had made significant advances in that direction, with 85% of Kenyan children in primary education, and within a decade of independence had trained sufficient numbers of indigenous Africans to take over the civil service. Keywords Decolonisation land Majimboism centralisation settlement schemes Type Chapter Information "[541] His opinions were "most valued" both by conservative African politicians and by Western leaders. [483] He pursued, according to Maloba, "a conservatism that worked in concert with imperial powers and was distinctly hostile to radical politics". [359] Kenyatta and his family were tied up with this corruption as they enriched themselves through the mass purchase of property after 1963. [472] In 1982 he would amend the Kenyan constitution to create a de jure one-party state. [545] He added that Kenyatta had been "one of the shrewdest politicians" on the continent,[517] regarded as "one of the great architects of African nationalist achievement since 1945". [58], In May 1928, the KCA launched a Kikuyu-language magazine, Mugwithania (roughly translated as "The Reconciler" or "The Unifier"), in which it published news, articles, and homilies. [487] Kenyatta was also an elitist and encouraged the emergence of an elite class in Kenya. Authorities will suspend operations at Nairobi's Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (NBO) Terminal 2 on Feb. 24 and 26 amid the visit and later departure of US First Lady Jill Biden. [76] Shiels advised Kenyatta to return home to promote Kikuyu involvement in the constitutional process and discourage violence and extremism. When it became apparent that Grace was pregnant, his church elders ordered him to get married before a European magistrate, and also undertake the appropriate religious rites. [356] Between late 1967 and early 1968, growing numbers of Kenyan Asians migrated to Britain;[357] in February 1968 large numbers migrated quickly before a legal change revoked their right to do so. [369] Kenyatta's government encouraged the establishment of private land-buying companies that were often headed by prominent politicians. [556] Those desiring a radical transformation of Kenyan society often compared Kenyatta's Kenya unfavourably with its southern neighbour, Julius Nyerere's Tanzania. [308] In a speech, Kenyatta described it as "the greatest day in Kenya's history and the happiest day in my life. Under Kenyatta, Kenya joined the Organisation of African Unity and the Commonwealth of Nations, espousing a pro-Western and anti-communist foreign policy amid the Cold War. [108] Between 1931 and 1937 he wrote several articles for the Negro Worker and joined the newspaper's editorial board in 1933. [409], Kenyatta made clear his desire for Kenya to become a one-party state, regarding this as a better expression of national unity than a multi-party system. [471] He nevertheless criticised the corruption, land grabbing, and capitalistic ethos that had characterised Kenyatta's period and expressed populist tendencies by emphasizing a closer link to the poor. [30] Kenyatta lived with the family of an aunt who had married a Maasai chief,[31] adopting Maasai customs and wearing Maasai jewellery, including a beaded belt known as kinyata in the Kikuyu language. In August 1914 he was baptized with the name Johnstone Kamau. [85] In 1931, Kenyatta took his son out of the church school at Thogota and enrolled him in a KCA-approved, independent school. All was well until the relationship between the elder Kenyatta and Jaramogi Oginga Odinga went into a nosedive. He is the son of Kenya's founding president Jomo Kenyatta. [23] Accordingly, he was baptized as Johnstone Kamau in August 1914. [81], In his absence, female genital mutilation (FGM) had become a topic of strong debate in Kikuyu society. [267] In October 1961, Kenyatta formally joined KANU and accepted its presidency. Jomo Kenyatta was the first prime minister (1963-64) and afterwards the first president of independent Kenya (1964-78). [392] He also took on a mediating role during the Congo Crisis, heading the Organisation of African Unity's Conciliation Commission on the Congo. Entry into Politics. [238] There, he was joined by his wife Ngina. and started a family. Peter Muigai Kenyatta. [235] By the late 1950s, the imprisoned Kenyatta had become a symbol of African nationalism across the continent. Among those lobbying for Kenyatta's release from indefinite detention were Tanganyika's Julius Nyerere and Ghana's Kwame Nkrumah. [6], Kenyatta was raised according to traditional Kikuyu custom and belief, and was taught the skills needed to herd the family flock. [333] To this end, it made efforts to assert the dignity of indigenous African cultures which missionaries and colonial authorities had belittled as "primitive". She is married in Makueni County and little is known about her. [223] The government took the case to the East African Court of Appeal, which reversed the Supreme Court's decision in August. The first family welcomed a new member after President Uhuru Kenyatta 's first son, Jomo Kenyatta and wife Fiona Achola welcomed a baby girl on Sunday. [281] There, KANU and KADU representatives met with British officials to formulate a new constitution. [477] According to Murray-Brown, Kenyatta's "basic philosophy" throughout his life was that "all men deserved the right to develop peacefully according to their own wishes". [550], During much of his life, Kenya's white settlers had regarded Kenyatta as a malcontent and an agitator;[551] for them, he was a figure of hatred and fear. [129] Several other Africans in London criticized him for doing so, arguing that the film degraded black people. By Mumbi Mutuko on 27 November 2017 - 2:24 pm. And so, surveyed closely, Jomo Kenyatta had more advantages than his fellow Kapenguria Six inmates. [393], Facing the pressures of the Cold War,[394] Kenyatta officially pursued a policy of "positive non-alignment". About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . [56] Also in February, his daughter, Wambui Margaret, was born. He is also the. Kenyatta was born to Kikuyu farmers in Kiambu, British East Africa. [163] While he was absent, Kenya's authorities banned the KCA in 1940. And, like many others, Kamau soon left the mission life for the urban attractions of Nairobi. Although protesting his innocencea view shared by later historianshe was convicted. [506] One of Kenyatta's fellow LSE students, Elspeth Huxley, referred to him as "a showman to his finger tips; jovial, a good companion, shrewd, fluent, quick, devious, subtle, [and] flesh-pot loving". [436] Journalists were discouraged from reporting on the oathing system, and several were deported when they tried to do so. This was his initial contact with Europeans. [318] Kenya therefore became a de facto one-party state. [306], Kenyatta's calls to forgive and forget the past were a keystone of his government. [120] [2] Muigai was sufficiently wealthy that he could afford to keep several wives, each living in a separate nymba (woman's hut). [37] The church insisted that a traditional Kikuyu wedding would be inadequate, and that he must undergo a Christian marriage;[38] this took place on 8November 1922. [47] Political upheavals occurred in Kikuyulandthe area inhabited largely by the Kikuyufollowing World War I, among them the campaigns of Harry Thuku and the East African Association, resulting in the government massacre of 21 native protesters in March 1922. Obote personally visited Kenyatta to apologise. [390], In part due to his advanced years, Kenyatta rarely traveled outside of Eastern Africa. First Wife and Children of Kenyatta The first wife to President Jomo Kenyatta, Grace Wahu was married in 1919 and on 20 November 1922, the very first child of Mzee Jomo was born. [285] The new constitution divided Kenya into six regions, each with a regional assembly, but also featured a strong central government and both an upper and a lower house. [297] In December, Nairobi's Delamere Avenue was renamed Kenyatta Avenue,[298] and a bronze statue of him was erected beside the country's National Assembly. [222], Kenyatta and the others were returned to Lokitaung, where they resided on remand while awaiting the results of the appeal process. [52] He thus became the group's secretary. [236], His sentence served, in April 1959 Kenyatta was released from Lokitaung. [512] A. R. Barlow, a member of the Church of Scotland Mission at Kikuyu, met with Kenyatta in Britain, later relating that he was impressed by how Kenyatta could "mix on equal terms with Europeans and to hold his end up in spite of his handicaps, educationally and socially. [44] He had sufficient funds that he could lend money to European clerks in the offices,[45] and could enjoy the lifestyle offered by Nairobi, which included cinemas, football matches, and imported British fashions. [158] In August 1943, their son, Peter Magana, was born. During the ceremony, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburghrepresenting the British monarchyformally handed over control of the country to Kenyatta. [334] The historian Robert M. Maxon nevertheless suggested that "no national culture emerged during the Kenyatta era", most artistic and cultural expressions reflecting particular ethnic groups rather than a broader sense of Kenyanness, while Western culture remained heavily influential over the country's elites. How did Jomo Kenyattas fiscal policy affect low-income Kenyans? However, a row has erupted in Kenya over an "Estate Duty Tax" which was amended two times during the reigns of Jomo Kenyatta and his successor Daniel Moi. [2] They lived in a homestead near River Thiririka, where they raised crops and bred sheep and goats. [306] Kenyatta condemned the assassination of the prominent leftist politician, although UK intelligence agencies believed that his own bodyguard had orchestrated the murder. [480] When in power, Kenyatta displayed a preoccupation with individual and mbari land rights that were at odds with any socialist-oriented collectivisation. [557] The criticisms that leftists like Odinga made of Kenyatta's leadership were similar to those that the intellectual Frantz Fanon had made of post-colonial leaders throughout Africa. Influenced by his friend George Padmore, he embraced anti-colonialist and Pan-African ideas, co-organising the 1945 Pan-African Congress in Manchester. [343] Under Kenyatta, Western companies regarded Kenya as a safe and profitable place for investment;[344] between 1964 and 1970, large-scale foreign investment and industry in Kenya nearly doubled. [130] Appearing in the film also allowed him to meet and befriend its star, the African-American Paul Robeson. [27] Kenyatta left the job when he became seriously ill; he recuperated at a friend's house in the Tumutumu Presbyterian mission. Their daughter Jane Makena Wambui (also known as Jeni) survived. Kenyatta told Shiels that he was not affiliated with communist circles and was unaware of the nature of the newspaper which published his articles. How did Jomo Kenyatta help lead Kenya to independence? [456] After Kariuki's murder, Maloba noted, there was a "noticeable erosion" of support for Kenyatta and his government. His son Peter Muigai became an assistant minister of foreign affairs, and his cousin Ngethe Njoroge served as high commissioner to the United Kingdom. Unlike some of his African contemporaries, Jomo Kenyattas government was notably favourable to the British and other Western powers. [338] Under Kenyatta, the structure of this economy did not fundamentally change, remaining externally oriented and dominated by multinational corporations and foreign capital. His thesis was revised and published in 1938 as Facing Mount Kenya, a study of the traditional life of the Kikuyu characterized by both insight and a tinge of romanticism. [229] By 1957, the inmates had formed into two rival cliques, with Kenyatta and Itote on one side and the other KAU membersnow calling themselves the "National Democratic Party"on the other. 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