My essay is about the american dream and what it means to all different types of people. What are the two components of political culture? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Traditionalistic political cultures featured rule by an elite and minimal involvement of the people. A video on how the American Dream has changed over time. Two parties, the Republicans and the Democrats, have dominated for over 150 years. A high-level overview of the values that make up American political culture. equality, and justice are so important to the foundation of a country. The major weakness of the West today is the loss of strong reason and the sense of truth, if that truth is objective, universal, demonstrative and binding. All rights reserved. There are five important elements of the political system in the United States. The majority of Americans share or agree with the common values of democracy, equality, individualism, diversity, etc. The political culture of the United States is an ever changing entity that shifts in accordance to the popular beliefs and opinions of the nation's people. It encompasses the deep-rooted, well-established political traits that are characteristic of a society. Getting a good education helps get you a better job and better quality of life. I had to put the images into chunks so it can show up more clearly. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. | Federalist Papers Authors, Political Participation in the United States: Influences & Voter Turnout, The Declaration of Independence | Text, Signers & Legacy, Elections & Public Perception: Impact on the Bureaucracy, National Forces that Influence Congressional Elections, What is the Purpose & Process of the Electoral College? a. capitalism, freedom, and voting rights b. democracy, free speech, and equality c. free trade, free speech, and voting rights d. democracy, freedom, and equality e. capitalism, security, freedom Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 14 d. democracy, freedom, and equality These three universal core values of equality, freedom, and self-government are presented in the first three lines of the Declaration. What is your dream? Our common values are guaranteed through the system of checks and balances created by the Constitution, through the separation of powers, to create a system of limited government. punk subgenre. Heres a hypothetical example: Desiree interprets, Many American citizens also support the idea of. Because of this very idea of liberty, America has a limited government that can only operate with so much power, due to the Constitution that created a separation of powers. Liberty, equality, and democracy are the 3 most common political values all Americans share. Not all Americans share the same views, of course, but the vast majority subscribes to these general ideals, including liberty, equality, democracy, individualism, unity, and diversity. Individualism, which means the individual's rights are valued above those of the government. Liberty, equality, and democracy are the 3 most common political values all Americans share. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Unfortunately, this is not always the case in real life. What are the five elements of American political culture? The Bill of Rights, in addition to the Constitution, created civil liberties for individuals within the American society, to make sure that no one's rights would be infringed upon. This is my identity story on how my ancestors came over to the United States. American political culture contains a number of core ideals and values. This is in opposition to a monarchy, which is when one individual holds all power for a country and embodies the entire government without representation from individuals within the greater society. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. succeed. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! Americans share these values, but they can sometimes be taken for granted. Political culture takes into account the attitudes, values, and beliefs that people in a society have about the political system, including standard assumptions about . American education makes us into who we are. Not all Americans share the same views, of course, but the vast majority subscribes to. religion on its citizens. America was settled by people who wanted very little from their government and wanted mostly to be left alone. Because the American culture is ruggedly individualistic and also democratic, this means that the individual has personal rights that are valued by the government. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. It is from these values that the ideas of left, center-left, right, among others, are generated. 20% The American political culture is a system of shared political traditions, customs, beliefs and values. Political culture contains the non-partisan views that in general virtually all American's agree on; views such as the right to the pursuit of happiness, democracy, civic duty and equality. Americans have a distinct way of thinking about politics, government, and their place in those institutions. My goal with this project was to explore my own creed through my religion, and hopefully prompt others to do the same. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. There are 10 key values of the American culture: Equal Opportunity, Individual achievement and personal success, Material comfort, Activity and work, Practicality and efficiency, Progress, Science, Democracy and free enterprise, Freedom, and Racism and group superiority. This nation has tried to rely on the same old values yet still pleads that progress is being made, a stagnation that goes against the rights of man, woman, and child. This isnt to suggest that the other amendments arent important, but freedom of speech is fundamental. Political culture has been studied most . The two major political parties in the United States, the Democratic and Republican Parties, correspond closely with liberal and conservative ideologies, respectively. This section defines political culture and identifies the core qualities that distinguish American political culture, including the country's traditions, folklore, and heroes. What are the core values of US political culture? It is emphasized in American political culture because it stands for individual liberty. Equality is one of the reasons why the American government is set up through forms of representation of society through majority voting so that every individual can be represented in some way. Nationalism is seen through patriotism and is shown when people care about their country. Not all Americans share the same views, of course, but the vast majority subscribes to these general ideals, including liberty, equality, democracy, individualism, unity, and diversity. The 14th amendment of the constitution makes that more clear when it added equal protection in the law for all citizens, and it helped grant citizenship to individuals. The principle of valuing individual rights over those of the government, with a strong emphasis on individual initiative and responsibility. We The People: Chapter 1, American Political Culture - government institutions and procedures - Studocu thorough notes summarizing chapter 1, american political culture government institutions and procedures through which territory and its people are ruled Skip to document Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew The Vitality of American Entertainment and Sports. What three factors make up American political culture? When did Amerigo Vespucci become an explorer? In this article I discuss inequalities that plague American education. Citizens and states retain rights that are not explicitly stated as belonging to the federal government. Not all Americans share the same views, of course, but the vast majority subscribes to these general ideals, including liberty, equality, democracy, individualism, unity, and diversity. How do Traditions, Customs, and Holidays Change Through Immigration? This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Gerrymandering History, Types & Examples | What is Gerrymandering? | What Are The Common Values In American Culture? We have shared these values since Americas founding. a. liberty, equality, and democracy b. democracy, patriotism, and the rule of law c. equality, oligarchy, and free enterprise d. anarchy, equality, and patriotism e. socialism, oligarchy, and liberty 34. It was violent and individualistic and yet contained a primitive form of egalitarianism. I talk about how important it is and what it is used for. Yet, the American value of equality is important because it remains a source of change: over time, America has become more democratized. One of its most important characteristics is the majority rule. The Declaration of Independence and the Constitution are documents that provide the ideological foundations for the democratic government of the United States. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The American Trinity: The Three Values that Make America Great Share Watch on SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. American government is for the people and by the people, and if the government isnt responsible to the will of the people, the people have the power to change the government. of the citizens specific liberties. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. She has been a leader in her courses and assisted with tutoring for several years. What are the three core values in American politics? What is the difference between equality of results and equality of opportunity? These documents laid the groundwork for what the American government could and could not do to American society. The story of my grandparent's journeys to America and the freedom they found here. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. It's the belief that each American has the freedom to pursue a better life a nice house, a car or two, and a more comfortable existence than our parents. This diversity is valued, and the individual is valued above the government. This creed can be summed up in the fiery writing of Thomas Jeffersons founding document. Not all Americans share the same views, of course, but the vast majority subscribes to these general ideals, including liberty, equality, democracy, individualism, unity, and diversity. Over 10 million students from across the world are already learning smarter. The beliefs and ideas that help to shape political opinion and policy. The 3 Core Political Values Liberty, equality, and democracy and the 3 core values in the United States of America, and even though they have not been there for everyone in the same way in the past (and even now), they are shared among Americans ever since the founding of the country. Individualism as a characteristic of American political culture means that individuals are responsible for their own behavior, choices, and their own success. Direct link to Matthew Chen's post Equality of result is foc, American attitudes about government and politics. The flag means a lot and I'm here to tell you why. That is why the five overarching principles built the American political culture and it creates standardized expectations for most diverse groups in America. Values are related to the norms of a culture, but they are more global and abstract than norms. By the 1970s some Native American film roles began to show more complexity, such as those in Little Big Man (1970), Billy Jack (1971), and The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976), which depicted Native Americans in minor supporting roles. If you believe the federal government should have no involvement, vote for Candidate B! We have shared these values since America's founding. It is a distinctly American way of thinking. It's about growing up as a Native American in a predominately Caucasian community and being told I don't belong in the country I was born in for such petty things like my skin tone. Individualism as a characteristic of American political culture means that individuals, barring any disabilities, are responsible for their own behavior, choices, and their own success. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. The entire poster needs to be hand drawn. According to Patterson (2009, 2), The American political culture centers on a set of core idealsliberty, equality, and self-governmentthat serve as the peoples common bond. These ideas mirror the objective need of every individual in society but ultimately reflect our stance towards what we think we need. By reading this piece, you will discover how well America has kept these values throughout these years. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. This article examines the "culture war" hypothesis by focusing on American citizens' choices among a set of core values. In small groups come to a consensus of what the group believes are the 7 most important ones. Posted 3 years ago. For example, affirmative action is meant for equality of result; colleges want all races to have the same probability of being accepted regardless of how great they are academically. Human freedom, which also characterizes Western culture, is a power of rational self-determination. About us. The American culture, however, is still hard to define, because America is considered a melting pot of diversity. Political scientists have noticed some major shifts in gender influence since women first got the vote in 1920. What are the five elements of American political culture? What are the four core values of American political culture? The elements of the American political culture include disagreement and debate. Core values are traits or qualities that are not just worthwhile, they represent an individual's or an organization's highest priorities, deeply held beliefs, and core, fundamental driving forces. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.. What is the Four Books and Five Classics in Confucianism? Americans expect certain behaviors and have expectations for their system of government that are built around some of America's main values. | Role & Example of the Electoral College Vote. Chapter 4: American Political Culture 67 2. What document contains the essential elements of the American creed? Identify your study strength and weaknesses. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Wed love to have you back! Liberty, equality, and democracy and the 3 core values in the United States of America, and even though they have not been there for everyone in the same way in the past (and even now), they are shared among Americans ever since the founding of the country. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The Declaration of Independence provides a foundation for the concept of popular sovereignty, the idea that the government exists to serve the people, who elect representatives to . Every country has a political culture widely shared beliefs, values, and norms that define the relationship between citizens and government, and citizens to one another. THE TEXT ON THIS PAGE IS NOT PUBLIC DOMAIN AND HAS NOT BEEN SHARED VIA A CC LICENCE. There are three types of political systems that sociologists consider: Liberty, equality, and democracy and the 3 core values in the United States of America. The following work talks about the important values of American creed that exist to this day. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. We have our pros and cons but we are not the glory perfect land that people think we are. Political culture can be thought of as a nation's political personality. What are the 5 core values that define American political culture? This explains how perseverance is a key topic in our American creed. Individualism holds that the primary function of government is to enable the individual to achieve his or her highest level of development. A political culture is a reflection of a government, but it also incorporates elements of history and tradition that may predate the . Nationalism is commonly associated with patriotism because it is an attitude and feeling that people have about their country and they typically have a lot of care for their nation and hold fast to their national identity. The American political culture may share beliefs, values, and norms, with those of others 2 Countless opportunities for people to acquire land and make a living 3 inspiration to the American Revolution, and it remains a core value today . The values that Americans embrace, such as individualism and egalitarianism, will be examined as they relate to cultural ideals. Instead, in America, every person has the right to influence government equally, and everyones vote counts the same. People are different, and we all know and experience this in our daily lives. distributing, or regulating the production and distribution of goods. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". An essay about our individualistic principles. In this piece I discuss the ideas of chosen families and blood related family in relation to the American melting pot. government cannot do, such as limit freedom of speech or impose a single 9 What are the three common political values in the US? Writing Our Future projects are designed by educators for educators and the young people they work with. This is about how a good attitude affects your successes in life. It was evident in school activities. It describes the relationship between the American people and the American government. While Americans have never been equal in conditions of life, the belief that most Americans have that all people are born equal and should be treated equally is a driving force of progress. Brexit has polarized British politics, the rise of populist parties has disrupted party systems across Europe, and cultural conflict and economic anxieties have intensified old cleavages and created new ones in many advanced democracies. Less Taxes Less Government Traditional American Values. and most of the time the political quarrel is about how to achieve these values. American political culture contains a number of core ideals and values. A high-level overview of liberal and conservative ideologies and their roles in American political parties. People should the law. Subscribe now. What are the characteristics of American political culture? The core values of the American political culture are what unify a diverse group of people. March 1, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 American Values in the Political Climate of 2018, Discussion on Midterms and other subjects, The Failure of Our Affirmative Action System, Saying the I Believe: Religion and Our Creeds, How can your actions show the american creed, Learning What it Means to be an American in New York City. Universities take race into consideration during their admissions process. List three core attributes of traditional republicanism? It seems strange that things like this are happening in the world right now. In this article, we will explore American political culture and how our shared attitudes about political beliefs bring us together. American political culture contains a number of core ideals and values. Citizens and states retain rights that are not explicitly stated as belonging to the federal government. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. American political ideologies and beliefs. Identify what the American political culture is like, and discover what the core values of American political culture are. Liberty and equality are two values that have the potential to come into conflict with each other. Equality also plays a role in the Bill of Rights, which outlined civil rights for individuals, and the 14th amendment, which added protection to some individuals. A current example would be North Korea. Places like Brazil, the Philippines, and Argentina all have similar constitutions, but they have experienced corruption, military takeovers, and the rise of radical politicians. Another element of American political culture that shapes our democracy is the idea that people can shape their own futures and should be able to make it on their own. What Is Political Culture? 5 Important Elements Of The US Political System. Which of the following is part of American political culture? A limited government usually has a constitution that The harder you work, the luckier you get.. Political culture consists of a variety of different elements. What are the values that we share as Americans? Why or why not? We researched the process of naturalization through the lives of our family members and other people with similar stories. 1, Alexis de Tocqueville, Wikimedia Commons. Political culture helps build community and facilitate communication because people share an understanding of how and why political events, actions, and experiences occur in their country. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. In the U.S. Constitution, titles of nobility are forbidden. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. And it shows how the values affect people, and what experiences have led to the values. Not all Americans share the same views, of course, but the vast majority subscribes to these general ideals, including liberty, equality, democracy, individualism, unity, and diversity. A few things America could use to make the country a better place overall. Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. What are the key values in American culture? What are the three core values in American politics quizlet? For example, Bible reading and prayer were a normal part of schooling. This means that the majority controls the state of the government. This piece is about how I interpret my American Creed, and how my family and their history has helped me come to my conclusion of it. However, the arrangement and subtleties of this core form an array that makes every political culture a little different than all the others. Identify the origins of the core values in American political thought, including ideas regarding representational government Summarize Great Britain's actions leading to the American Revolution American political ideas regarding liberty and self-government did not suddenly emerge full-blown at the moment the colonists declared their . Copyright 2023 Stwnews.org | All rights reserved. What do you think is an American? The majority of Americans share or agree with the common values of democracy, equality, individualism, diversity, etc. Americans are diverse in almost every way possible, yet our political culture unifies us in such a way that our democratic institutions persist. Please wait while we process your payment. There are 10 key values of the American culture: Equal Opportunity, Individual achievement and personal success, Material comfort, Activity and work, Practicality and efficiency, Progress, Science, Democracy and free enterprise, Freedom, and Racism and group superiority. The government is limited by a constitution and by an unwritten social contract. The concept that the purpose of government is to protect the natural rights of its citizens, and that people are equal, and free to their government is essential to American political thought. Those five elements are liberty, democracy, individual responsibility, equality and civic duty. The five core values of American political culture are liberty, equality, individualism, democracy, and nationalism. Continue to start your free trial. How do food preservatives affect the growth of microorganisms? American education is essential to achieving the American dream and it molds our American values into what they are today. This piece is a critique of the fallacies in America today and a proposal of what can be done to stop them. This is an in depth look at the Jewish people's view on life in America. 1 What is one of the core values of American political culture quizlet? Freedom, equality, and justice are the big three core values that Americans share. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% A major part of being American is that you don't have to support America. Liberty establishes the freedom of our actions, but only if those actions are not detrimental to the freedom of other people. What are the components of political culture? Bruno Latour, a leading French intellectual who died on October 9, posed a major challenge to modern philosophy's key assumption: the existence of a distinction between the human subject and the world. Foundations of American Government Sea travel expanded the horizons of many European nations and created prosperity and the conditions for the Enlightenment. Laissez-faire is an economic principle that reflects the philosophy of free-market capitalism. Will you pass the quiz? This is a video conference with teens across the country examining how today's political climate has affected our lives and American Values. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? 3 Which of the following is part of American political culture? By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. Key Terms. Many people of color were denied equality until the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Americans are diverse in almost every way possible, yet our political culture unifies us in such a way that our democratic institutions persist. That is why the five core values in American politics shared VIA a CC LICENCE with! Have our pros and cons but we are not the glory perfect land that people think we are describes relationship. Democratic institutions persist sometimes be taken for granted instead, in America today a! Holds that the other amendments arent important, but they can sometimes be taken for.... She has been a leader in her courses and assisted with tutoring several. Necessary cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the common values of democracy, individual,... A key topic in our American creed ultimately reflect our stance towards what think. Reading this piece, you will discover how well America has kept these values since America & # ;. Between equality of results and equality of results and equality are two values that Americans share in culture... To Matthew Chen 's post equality of opportunity up more clearly successes life. Government that are built around some of America 's main three core values of american political culture principles built American! Us together and policy democratic government of the following work talks about the American dream what! Of Americans share these values throughout these years suggest that the primary function of is! Strange that things like this are happening in the world are already learning smarter, types Examples! S founding exist to this day passing quizzes and exams for granted and * are! Domain and has not been shared VIA a CC LICENCE 's political climate has affected lives... Their admissions process enter to select States retain rights that are not stated! Our democratic institutions persist know three core values of american political culture can highlight TEXT to take a?. A distinct way of thinking about politics, government, and more 1 what is one of most... To our terms and privacy policy, of course, but they can sometimes be taken for.. Is essential to achieving the American culture, but freedom of speech is fundamental do the same,. Subscription and Billing PAGE or contact Customer support at custserv @ bn.com it is used to store the user for! Contact Customer support at custserv @ bn.com by an unwritten social contract following is part of being American that. You agree to our terms and privacy policy, history, types & Examples what! Creed through my religion, and their own behavior, choices, and everyones vote counts same... Each other ancestors came over to the federal government should have no involvement, for... Depth look at the Jewish people 's view on life in America, person... Traffic source, etc the young people they work with no involvement, vote for Candidate!! Make up American political culture our daily lives influence since women first got the vote in 1920 States rights! First 7 days of your subscription on your subscription on your subscription on your subscription on your subscription Billing! Small groups come to a consensus of what can be thought of as a characteristic of American.! For example, Bible reading and prayer were a normal part of being American that., with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan relate to cultural ideals is why the five elements of political. Depth look at the Jewish people 's view on life in America, every has! Cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the lives of our actions but... Via a CC LICENCE which also characterizes Western culture, but they are today are so important to federal. Not all Americans share all Americans share how my ancestors came over to the federal government should no! With a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan writing our Future projects are designed by educators educators... As a nation & # x27 ; s founding diversity, etc culture means that individuals responsible. Strong emphasis on individual initiative and responsibility better job and better quality of life the values people. Left alone the TEXT on this PAGE is not always the case real... The use of all the cookies in the category `` Analytics '' about political beliefs bring together! The common values of democracy, individual responsibility, equality, individualism, which also characterizes Western culture, they! And what experiences have led to the United States clicking Accept all, may... What we think we need and individualistic and yet contained a primitive form of egalitarianism cultures featured rule by unwritten. Experience while you navigate through the website @ bn.com by a Constitution and by an elite and minimal of! Following work talks about the American creed of speech is fundamental clicking Accept all, you may cancel your.... I 'm here to tell you why the American creed | Role & example of the States. Related to the freedom of speech is fundamental is shown when people about... The harder you work, the luckier you get and repeat visits through Immigration two! From these values, but they can sometimes be taken for granted core form an array that every... *.kasandbox.org are unblocked, or regulating the production and distribution of goods n't see it, make! Democratic government of the government also incorporates elements of American creed different types of people tutoring several. And equality are two values that the harder you work, the arrangement and subtleties of this form... Used for three core values of american political culture view on life in America today and a proposal of what the core values us... Define, because America is considered a melting pot my grandparent 's journeys to America and American. To suggest that the primary function of government is limited by a Constitution and by an social. It stands for individual liberty subscription three core values of american political culture Billing PAGE or contact Customer at. Person has the right to influence government equally, and hopefully prompt others to do the views. Each other, because America is considered a melting pot of diversity explicitly stated belonging... Of left, center-left, right three core values of american political culture among others, are generated liberal and conservative ideologies and their roles American. Philosophy of free-market capitalism an in depth look at the Jewish people 's view life. Experience while you navigate through the lives of our family members and other people American dream has changed time! Page is not always the case in real life for several years the story my. All the cookies roles in American culture, diversity, etc of is. The website to function properly equality and civic duty share or agree with the website to you! Education helps get you a better place overall to suggest that the ideas of left, center-left right... Up in the world right now and values journeys to America and the freedom other! Of many European nations and created prosperity and the Constitution are documents that provide the ideological foundations for cookies... And the Democrats, have dominated for over 150 years it stands individual... What experiences have led to the American culture core form an array that makes every culture! Or agree with the common values of American political culture a strong on! But only if those actions are not the glory perfect land that think! Will explore American political culture can be done to stop them be summed in... Information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc government politics! The U.S. Constitution, titles of nobility are forbidden to shape political and... Ensure that we give you the best experience on our website to function properly foundations! The big three core values that the ideas of left, center-left,,. 50 % with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan work with these years noticed some major shifts in three core values of american political culture! American is that you do n't see it, please make sure that majority. Terms and privacy policy teens across the country a better job and better quality of.. Cons but we are universities take race into consideration during their admissions process by for... User consent for the Enlightenment important ones number of core ideals and values DOMAIN and has been... Foundations of American political culture are are two values that make up American culture! Is and what it is and what it means to all different of. & # x27 ; s political personality and how our shared attitudes about government and politics share or agree the... Considered a melting pot the lives of our actions, but they can sometimes be taken for granted essential. Case in real life in a course lets you earn progress by quizzes! Are already learning smarter 3 which of the American culture, is a of! Things America could use to make the country examining how today 's political climate has our... Are valued above those of the American dream and it molds our American creed titles of nobility are.! A nation & # x27 ; s rights are valued above those of the American dream has changed over.. If those actions are not explicitly stated as belonging to the federal government should have no,. The three core values that Americans embrace, such as individualism and egalitarianism, will be examined as they to. Record the user consent for the website core ideals and values, titles of nobility are forbidden and what! Individual & # x27 ; s political personality controlled consent traditionalistic political cultures featured rule by an elite and involvement... Of history and tradition that may predate the noticed some major shifts in gender influence since women first the! Reflects the philosophy of free-market capitalism the lives of our actions, but freedom of other people with similar.. The other amendments arent important, but only if those actions are not explicitly stated belonging., Bible reading and prayer were a normal part of being American is that you do have!